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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is a cash and carry trade?
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strategy that involves borrowing cash to purchase a security and "carrying" that security to the futures settlement date; this will force the futures price down and bid up Asset XYZ's price in order to eliminate profit; when futures price is greater than the cash market price
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What is a reverse cash and carry trade?
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a security is sold short and the proceeds received from the short sale are invested; this will raise the futures price and lower the cash price to eliminate the profit; when futures price is less than the cash market price
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What is the financing cost?
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in the pricing of a futures contract, the interest rate of borrowing until the settlement date
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What does the equilibrium futures price equal?
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F = P + P(r-y)
F = futures price P = cash market price r = Financing cost y = cash yield |
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What is the net financing cost or cost of carry or, simply, carry?
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it = (r-y) in the futures pricing model; difference between the cost of financing and the asset's cash yield
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What is positive carry?
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y>r; futures price will sell at a discount to cash price
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What is negative carry?
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y<r; futures price will sell at a premium to cash price
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What is price convergence at the delivery date?
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at delivery date, futures price must be equal to the cash market price
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When and why will actual futures prices diverge from theoretical futures prices?
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1. no interim cash flows- no changes in futures prices; exchange does not change variation margin; assumes that dividends are paid at the delivery date and not at some time in between
2. assume borrowing and lending rate are the same; typically borrowing rate is higher than the lending rate; upper boundary: F = P + P(rb-y); lower boundary: F = P + P(rl-y); boundaries surround equilibrium 3. transaction costs 4. short selling- when you short sell you must put up margin, also asset may be borrowed 5. known deliverable asset and settlement date; e.g. US T bond futures- do not know the specific T bond to be delivered or date of delivery 6. deliverable is a basket of securities; it is expensive to buy or sell every security included in the index 7. different cash treatments of cash and futures transactions- model ignores taxes, especially the difference in cash market and futures market transactions |
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What is an option's intrinsic value?
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economic value if an option is exercised immediately; difference between the current price and the strike price
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What does in the money mean?
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when an option has intrinsic value
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What does out of the money mean?
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when the strike price of a call option exceeds the current asset price; no intrinsic value
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What does at the money mean?
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an option for which the strike price is equal to the current asset price
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When is a put option in the money?
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when the asset price is below the strike price
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When is a call option in the money?
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when the asset price is above the strike price
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What is time premium?
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the amount by which the option's market price exceeds its intrinsic value; the time premium of an option will increase with the amount of time remaining to expiration; price of option minus the intrinsic value
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What is the put-call parity relationship?
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the relationship between the price of a call option and the price of a put option on the same underlying instrument, with same strike price and the same expiration date
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What are the 6 factors that influence the price of an option?
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1. current price of the underlying asset
2. strike price 3. time to expiration of the option 4. expected price volatility of the underlying asset over the life of the option 5. short-term, risk-free interest rate over the life of the option 6. anticipated cash payments on the underlying asset over the life of the option |
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How does the current price of the underlying asset affect the price of the option?
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rise in current price causes:
call price to increase put price to decrease |
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How does the strike price affect the price of an option?
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rise in strike price (eventhough its fixed):
call price to decrease put price to increase |
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How does the time to expiration of the option affect the price of an option?
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if time to expiration increases (options are wasting asset, more time for a favorable price change when there's more time):
call price and put price increase |
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How does the expected price volatility of the underlying asset over the life of the option affect the price of an option?
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if volatility increases, more an investor is willing to pay (anticipates a greater chance of a favorable price shift) and more an option writer would demand, so call price and put price increase
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How does the short-term, risk-free interest rate over the life of the option affect the price of an option?
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higher short-term interest rates mean cost of buying the underlying asset and carrying go up, so you'd rather have an option to buy it with higher interest rates; call price increases and the put price decreases
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How do anticipated cash payments on the underlying asset over the life of the option affect the price of an option?
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higher cash payments tend to make actually holding the asset more attractive than buying an option; so, call price decreases and put price increases
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