Fa2010: Microbio

Front 1

unique to Gram+ organisms?

unique to Gram- organisms?

Back 1

teichoic acid

endotoxin/LPS; periplasmic space

Front 2

these bugs do not Gram stain well

Back 2

Treponema
Rickettsia
Mycobacteria
Mycoplasma
Legionella
Chlamydia

"These Bugs May Microscopically Lack Color"

Front 3

What does PAS stain?

Back 3

glycogen, mucopolysaccharides ("PASs the sugar")

used to diagnose Whipple's disease

Front 4

What does silver stain?

Back 4

fungi, Legionella

Front 5

What do India ink/mucicarmine stain?

Back 5

Cryptococcus neoformans (thick capsule)

Front 6

Pink colonies on MacConkey's agar means:

Back 6

lactose-fermenting enteric bug

Front 7

H. influenzae requires these to grow

Back 7

chocolate (heated blood) agar with factors V (NAD+) and X (hematin)

Front 8

Sabourad's agar grows:

Back 8

fungi

Front 9

obligate aerobes

Back 9

Nocardia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium TB, Bacillus

"Nagging Pests Must Breathe"

Front 10

obligate anaerobes

Back 10

Clostridium, Bacteroides, Actinomyces

"Can't Breathe Air"

Front 11

facultative intracellular

Back 11

Salmonella, Neisseria, Brucella, Mycobacterium, Listeria, Francisella, Legionella

"Some Nasty Bugs May Live FacultativeLy"

Front 12

encapsulted bugs (positive Quellung)

Back 12

Klebsiella, Salmonella, Strep. pneumoniae, H. influenza, Neisseria

"Kapsule Shields SHiN"

Front 13

urease-positive bugs

Back 13

Proteus, Klebsiella, H. pylori, Ureaplasma

"Particular Kinds Have Urease"

Front 14

give the virulence factor:

1. Staph. aurea
2. SHiN
3. Group A Strep

Back 14

1. protein A (binds Fc region of IgG, preventing opsonization and phagocytosis)

2. IgA protease (to colonize respiratory mucosa)

3. M protein (helps prevent phagocytosis; anti-M protein abs lead to rheumatic fever)

Front 15

superantigen toxins

Back 15

Staph. aureus
Strep. pyogenes

Front 16

ADP ribosylating A-B (active-binding) toxins

Back 16

C. diphtheriae (inhibits EF-2)
V. cholerae
E. coli
Bordetella pertussis

Front 17

tetani v. botulinum toxins

Back 17

tetani: blocks GABA and glycine release

botulinum: blocks Ach release (anticholinergic symptoms, CNS paralysis)

Front 18

Shigella toxin: what bug produces similar?

Back 18

E. coli O157:H7

cleaves host cell rRNA (inactivates 60S subunit); enhances cytokine release causing HUS

Front 19

toxins encoded in LYSOGENIC packages

Back 19

"ABCDE"

ShigA-like
Botulinum
Cholera
Diphtheria
Erythrogenic toxin of StrEp. pyogEnEs

Front 20

generalized v. specialized transduction

Back 20

generalized: lytic phage

specialized: LYSOGENIC (temperate) phage

Front 21

what bacteria can undergo transformation/competence?

Back 21

SHiN

Front 22

novobiocin resistance

Back 22

"On the office Staph retreat, there was No StRES"

Saprophyticus resistant, Epidermidis sensitive

Front 23

optochin resistance

Back 23

to ID Streptococci

"OVeR-PasS"

Viridans resistant; Pneumoniae sensitive

Front 24

bacitracin resistance

Back 24

Group A v. Group B Strep

"B-BRAS"

Group B = resistant
Group A = sensitive

Front 25

alpha v. beta hemolytic appearance on agar

Back 25

alpha: green ring

beta: clear ring

(gamma: none)

Front 26

Staph v. Strep

Back 26

Staph has catalase, Strep does not (catalase test used to distinguish causative agent of impetigo)

Front 27

Viridans streptococci: normal habitat

Back 27

mouth

"Not afraid OF-THE-CHIN (optochin resistant)"

Front 28

diphtheria and exotoxin (cultured on tellurite agar)

Back 28

"ABCDEFG"

ADP ribosylation
Beta-prophage
Corynebacterium
Diphtheriae
Elongation Factor 2 (inhibits)
Granules

Front 29

VRE belong to what group?

Back 29

Group D streptococci (enterococci)

growth in CHAINS (strepto)

Front 30

sequelae of Group A Strep infection

Back 30

"PHaryngitis can result in rheumatic PHever and glomerulonePHritis"

Front 31

features of rheumatic fever

Back 31

No "rheum" for SPECCulation:
Subcutaneous plaques
Polyarthritis
Erythema marginatum
Chorea
Carditis

Front 32

Group B strep (agalactiae) characteristics

Back 32

B group
Beta-hemolytic
Bacitracin resistant
Bad for Babies (pneumonia, meningitis, sepsis)

Front 33

common source of anthrax

Back 33

sheep (pulmonary anthrax = "Wollsorters' disease")

Front 34

Listeria characteristics (besides "tumbling motility," of course!)

Back 34

only Gram+ with endotoxin

amnionitis, septicemia, and spontaneous abortion; acquired by milk/cheese, deli meats and during parturition

Front 35

treatment for Actinomyces v. Nocardia

Back 35

"SNAP"

Sulfa for Nocardia
Actinomyces, use Penicillin

Front 36

Lactose-fermenting bacteria

Back 36

"test with MacConKEE'S agar"

Citrobacter
Klebsiella
E. coli
Enterobacter
Serratia

Front 37

meningococci v. gonococci

Back 37

MeninGococci ferment Maltose and Glucose

Gonococci ferment Glucose

Front 38

HaEMOPhilus influenzae requires what to grow?

Back 38

"When a child has the FLU, mom goes to the V and X stores to buy some CHOCOLATE"

factors V (NAD+), X (hematin)

Front 39

Legionella grows with what?

Back 39

French Legionnaire with Silver helmet (silver stain) sitting at a Campfire (charcoal yeast extract) with his Iron dagger - he is no Cissy (iron and cysteine)

Front 40

PSEUDOmonas causes what?

produces what?

Back 40

Pneumonia
Sepsis
External otitis
UTI
Drug user/Diabetic Osteomyelitis

pyocyanin, blue-green pigment with grapelike odor

Front 41

Enterobacteriaceae have (drink) what?

Back 41

"Put COFFEe in your gut"

Capsular
O antigen
Flagellar antigen
Ferment glucose
Enterobacteriaceae

Front 42

Klebsiella and its "AAAA-grade red current jelly" sputum are associated with what?

Back 42

"the 4 A's"

Aspiration pneumonia
Abscess in lungs
Alcoholics
di-A-betics

Front 43

more virulent: Salmonella or Shigella

Back 43

Oh SHIT! SHIGELLA!

Front 44

Yersinia: vector?

Back 44

pet feces (puppies), contaminated milk or pork

commonly causes outbreaks in day-care centers

Front 45

triple therapy for H. pylori

Back 45

metronidazole
bismuth (Pepto-Bismol)
tetracycline OR amoxicillin

metronidazole
omeprazole
clarithromycin

Front 46

Leptospira INTERROGANS

Back 46

QUESTION MARK-shaped spirochete, most prevalent in tropics

causes Weil's disease, icterohemorrhagic leptospirosis = jaundice, azotemia, fever, hemorrhage, anemia

Front 47

Lyme disease: treatment

Back 47

doxycycline, ceftriaxone

Front 48

VDRL v. FTA-ABS

Back 48

VDRL: nonspecific

FTA-ABS: positive earlier, specific for treponemes, remains positive after successful treatment

Front 49

Brucella: vector and symptoms

Back 49

dairy products, animal contact

symptoms: undulating fever

"Unpastuerized dairy products give you Undulating fever"

Front 50

Gardnerella vaginalis

Back 50

Clue cells = vaginal epithelial cells covered with bacteria

Treatment = metronidazole

"I don't have a CLUE why I smell FISH in the VAGINA GARDEN"

Front 51

Rickettsiae live where?

need what?

treament?

Back 51

intracellularly

need CoA and NAD+

treatment: tetracycline

Front 52

Weil-Felix reaction

Back 52

cross-reactivity with Proteus antigens; positive for Rickettsiae

(except Coxiella)

Front 53

Infections causing palm and sole rash

Back 53

"you drive CARS using your Palms and Soles"

Coxsackievirus A
Rickettsia rickettsii (Rocky Mountain spotted fever)
Syphilis

Front 54

X-ray looks worse than patient in:

treatment?

Back 54

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

tetracycline or erythromycin (penicillin resistant since no cell wall!)

Front 55

Give the region:

1. Coccidio
2. Histo
3. Blasto
4. Paracoccidio

Back 55

1. Southwest (bat/bird droppings)
2. Mississippi and Ohio river valleys
3. east of the Mississippi (and Central America)
4. rural Latin America

Front 56

Give the size:

1. Coccidio
2. Histo
3. Blasto
4. Paracoccidio

Back 56

1. 3-5 microns (inside macrophages)
2. 5-15 microns (broad-based budding; size of RBC)
3. 20-60 microns (much bigger then RBC)
4. 40-50 microns (captain's wheel appearance)

Front 57

Give the morphology of these opportunistic pathogens

1. Candida
2. Aspergillus
3. Cryptococcus
4. Mucor/Rhizopus

Back 57

1. pseudohyphae + budding yeasts
2. 45 degree branching septate hyphae (rare fruiting bodies)
3. 5-10 micron, narrow-based budding (compare to Blasto)
4. irregular broad, nonseptate, WIDE angle

Front 58

Sporothrix: vector

morphology

treatment

Back 58

thorn prick

cigar-shaped budding yeast

itraconazole, K-iodide

Front 59

Name the ToRCHeS infections and give mode of transmission

Back 59

Toxoplasma gondii (cat feces, undercooked meat)
Rubella (respiratory droplets)
CMV (sexual, blood/organs)
HIV (sexual)
Herpes (sexual)
Syphilis (sexual)

Front 60

Give the fetal manifestations of ToRCHeS infections

Back 60

Toxoplasma gondii: chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus, intracranial calcifications
Rubella: PDA, cataracts, deafness, +/- "blueberry muffin" rash
CMV: hearing loss, seizures
HIV: infxns, diarrhea
Herpes: encephalitis, lesions
Syphilis: STILLBIRTH, hydrops fetalis; facial abnormalities, saber shins

Front 61

Which ToRCHeS infections have maternal manifestations?

Back 61

Rubella: rash, lymphadenopathy, arthritis
CMV: mono-like illness
Herpes: lesions
Syphilis: chancre, rash, or cardiac/neuro disease

Front 62

Giardia diarrhea

Back 62

"fat-rich Ghirardelli chocolates for fatty stools of Giardia"

Front 63

live attenuated viral vaccines (humoral and cell-mediated immunity)

Back 63

"Small Yellow Chickens Live thanks to Sabin's MMR"

smallpox
yellow fever
chickenpox
Sabin's polio
MMR (only one that can be given to HIV-positive individuals)

Front 64

killed virus vaccines (humoral immunity only)

Back 64

"Rest In Peace Always"

Rabies
Influenza
Salk Polio
Hepatitis A

Front 65

DNA viral genomes

Back 65

All DNA viral genomes are double-stranded, except "Part-of-a-Virus (parvovirus)" which is ss

Front 66

RNA viral genomes

Back 66

All RNA viral genomes are single-stranded, except "REpeatO-Virus (reovirus)" which is ds

Front 67

Non-enveloped viruses

Back 67

"Naked CPR and PAPP smear"

Calcivirus
Picornavirus
Reovirus

Parvovirus
Adenovirus
Papilloma
Polyoma

Front 68

Where do enveloped viruses get their envelopes?!

Back 68

plasma membrane upon cell exit

(except Herpesviridae, which acquire envelopes from nuclear membrane)

Front 69

DNA viruses

Back 69

Are: HHAPPPPy, ds, linear, icosahedral, replicate in nucleus

Herpes, Hepadna (HBV), Adeno, Parvo, Papilloma, Polyoma, Pox (the exception to above rules; carries DNA-dependent RNA polymerase)

Front 70

Herpesviruses

test that detects?

Back 70

DNA viruses; "Get herpes in a CHEVrolet"

CMV, HSV, EBV, VZV

Tzanck

Front 71

Picornaviruses

common cause of what?

Back 71

"PERCH on a peak (Pic)"

Polio, Echo, Rhino, Coxsackie, Hep A

aseptic meningitis

Front 72

segmented (RNA) viruses

Back 72

"segmented to avoid becoming BOARing"

Bunya, Orthomyxo, Area, Reo

Front 73

negative-stranded RNA viruses

(brings own RNA-dependent RNA polymerase)

Back 73

"Always Bring Polymerase Or Fail Replication"

Arena, Bunya, Paramyxo, Orthomyxo, Filo, Rhabdo

Front 74

mechanism of Rotavirus diarrhea

Back 74

villous destruction with atrophy leads to decreased absorption of Na+ and water

Front 75

Rubella v. Rubeola (measles)

Back 75

Rubella = togavirus

Rubeola = measles = paramyxovirus (cough, cryza, conjunctivitis, Koplik spots)

Front 76

Negri bodies: where and classic for what?

Back 76

cytoplasmic inclusions in neurons (retrograde transport on axons)

classic for rabies infection

Front 77

What is absent in the HBV "window period?"

What is present?

When does it occur?

Back 77

HBsAg and anti-HBsAg

anti-HBcAg (high HBeAg = high Enfectivity)

5-6 months after exposure

Front 78

bacterial v. fungal/TB meningitis

Back 78

both have HIGH pressure, HIGH protein, and LOW sugar

bacterial has PMNs; fungal/TB has lymphocytes

Front 79

What drugs inhibit cell wall synthesis by blocking PG cross-linking?

Back 79

penicillin, ampicillin, ticarcillin, peperacillin, imipenem, aztreonam, cephalosporins

Front 80

What drugs block PG synthesis?

Back 80

bacitractin, vancomycin

Front 81

What drugs disrupt bacterial cell membranes?

Back 81

polymyxins

Front 82

clinical use of tetracyclines

Back 82

"VACUUM THe BedRoom"

Vibrio, Acne, Chlamydia, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Mycoplasma, Tularemia, H. pylori, Borrelia, Rickettsia

Front 83

What drugs block nucleotide synthesis?

Back 83

sulfonamides, trimethoprim

Front 84

What drugs block DNA topoisomerases?

Back 84

fluoroquinolones

Front 85

What drugs block mRNA synthesis?

Back 85

rifampin

Front 86

What drugs block 30S subunit?

50S subunit?

Back 86

"Buy AT 30, CCELL at 50"

Aminoglycosides (Strepto-, Tobra-, Amikacin, Genta-), Tetracyclines

Chloramphenicol, Clindamycin, Erythromycin, Lincomycin, Linezolid

Front 87

What are the "-mycin" drugs? What are their side effects?

Back 87

Aminoglycosides: NOT (nephro-, ototoxicity, teratogens)

Macrolides: prolonged QT, eosinophilia, inhibition of CYP450 (increases theophyllines, anticoagulants)

Front 88

Trimethoprim (like methotrexate) side effect

Back 88

megaloblastic anemia, leukopenia, granulocytopenia (TMP = "Treats Marrow Poorly"; MTX = "metho-marrow-hate")

Front 89

Metronidazole: clinical use

Back 89

"GET GAP on the Metro"

Giardia, Entamoeba, Trichomonas

Gardnerella, Anaerobes, H. pylori

Front 90

Side effects of INH

Back 90

INH: "Injures Neurons and Hepatocytes"

Front 91

Rifampin: 4 R's

Back 91

Rifampin:

RNA polymerase inhibitor
Revs up P450
Red/orange body fluids
Rapid resistance if used alone

Front 92

HIV protease inhibitors

Back 92

end with "-navir"

"NAVIR tease a proTEASE"

Front 93

HIV fusion inhibitor

Back 93

enfuvirtide

Front 94

Antibiotics to avoid in pregnancy (side effects)

Back 94

"SAFE Moms Take Really Good Care"

Sulfonamides (kernicterus)
Aminoglycosides (ototoxicity)
Fluoroquinolones (cartilage damage)
Erythromycin (hepatitis)
Metronidazole (mutagenesis)
Tetracyclines (discolored teeth, bone inhibition)
Ribavirin (teratogenic)
Griseofulvin (teratogenic)
Chloramphenicol ("gray baby")