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479 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Abdominal pain, ascites, hepatomegaly
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Budd-Chiari syndrome (posthepatic venous thrombosis)
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Achilles tendon xanthoma
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Familial hypercholesterolemia ( decrease LDL receptor signal ing)
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Adrenal hemorrhage, hypotension, DIC
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Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome (meningococcemia)
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Arachnodactyly, lens dislocation, aortic dissection, hyperflexible joints
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Marfan's syndrome (fibrillin defect)
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Athlete with polycythemia
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2° to erythropoietin injection
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Back pain, fever, night sweats, weight loss
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Pott's disease (vertebral tuberculosis)
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Bilateral hilar adenopathy, uveitis
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Sarcoidosis (noncaseating granulomas)
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Blue sclera
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Osteogenesis imperfecta (type I collagen defect)
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Bluish line on gingiva
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Burton's line ( lead poisoning)
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Bone paine, bone enlargement, arthritis
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Paget's disease of bone (Increase osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity)
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Bounding pulses, diastolic heart murmur, head bobbing
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Aortic regurgitation
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Butterfly facial rash and Raynaud 's phenomenon in a young female
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Systemic lupus erythematosus
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Cafe-au-lait spots, Lisch nodules (iris hamartoma)
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Neurofibromatosis type I (+ pheochromocytoma , optic gliomas)
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Cafe-au-la it spots, polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, precocious puberty, multiple endocrine abnormalities
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McCune-Albright syndrome (mosaic G -protein signaling mutation)
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Calf pseudohypertrophy
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Muscular dystrophy (most commonly Duchenne's) : X-linked recessive deletionof dystrophin gene
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Cherry-red spot on macula
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Tay- Sachs (ganglioside accumulation) or Niemann-Pick (sphingomyelin accumulation), central retinal artery occlusion
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Chest pain on exertion
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Angina (stable : with moderate exertion; unstable : with minimal exertion)
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Chest pain, pericardial effusion/friction rub, persistent fever following MI
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Dressler's syndrome (autoimmune-mediated post- MI fibrinous pericarditis, 1-12 weeks after acute episode)
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Child uses arms to stand up from squat
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Gowers' sign ( Duchenne muscular dystrophy)
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Child with fever later develops red rash on face that spreads to body
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Slapped cheeks (erythema infectiosum/fifth disease: parvovirus B19)
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Chorea, dementia, caudate degeneration
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Huntington's d isease (autosomal-dominant CAG repeat expansion)
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Chronic exercise intolerance with myalgia, fatigue, painful cramps, myoglobinuria
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McArdle's d isease (muscle glycogen phosphorylase deficiency)
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Cold intolerance
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Hypothyroidism
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Conjugate lateral gaze palsy, horizontal diplopia
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Internuclear ophthalmoplegia (damage to MLF; bilateral [multiple sclerosis], unilateral [stroke])
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Continuous "machinery" heart murmur
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PDA (close with indomethacin ; open or maintain with misoprostol)
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Cutaneous/dermal edema due to connective tissue deposition
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Myxedema (caused by hypothyroidism, Graves' disease [pretibial])
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Dark purple skin/mouth nodules
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Kaposi's sarcoma (usually AIDS patients [MSM]: associated with HHV- 8 )
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Deep, labored breathin g/hyperventilation
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Kussmaul breathing (diabetic ketoacidosis)
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Dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea
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Pellagra (niacin [vitamin B3] deficiency)
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Dilated cardiomyopathy, edema, alcoholism or malnutrition
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Wet beriberi (thiamine [vitamin B1 deficiency)
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Dog or cat bite resulting in infection
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Pasteurella multocida (cellulitis at inoculation site )
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Dry eyes, dry mouth, arthritis
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Sjogren's syndrome (autoimmune destruction of exocrine glands)
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Dysphagia (esophageal webs) , glossitis, iron deficiency anemia
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Plummer-Vinson syndrome (may progress to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma)
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Elastic skin , hypermobility of joints
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Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (type III collagen defect)
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Enlarged, hard left supraclavicular node
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Virchow's node (abdominal metastasis)
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Erythroderma, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, atypical T cells
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Sezary syndrome (cutaneous T-cell lymphoma) or mycosis fungiodes
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Facial muscle spasm upon tapping
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Chvostek's sign ( hypocalcemia )
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Fat, female, forty, and fertile
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Cholelithiasis (gallstones)
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Fever, chills, headache, myalgia following antibiotic treatment for syphillis
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Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction (rapid lysis of spirochetes results in toxin release)
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Fever, cough , conjunctivitis, coryza, diffuse rash
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Measles (Morbillivirus)
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Fever, night sweats, weight loss
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B symptoms (staging) of lymphoma
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Fibrous plaques in soft tissue of penis
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Peyronie's disease (connective tissue disorder)
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Gout, mental retardation, self-mutilating behavior in a boy
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Lesch-Nyhan syndrome ( HGPRT deficiency, X-linked recessive)
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Green-yellow rings around peripheral cornea
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Kayser-Fleischer rings (copper accumulation from Wilson's disease)
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Hamartomatous GI polyps, hyperpigmentation of mouth/feet/hands
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Peutz-Jeghers syndrome ( inherited, benign polyposis can cause bowel obstruction ; Increase cancer risk, mainly GI )
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Hepatosplenomegaly, osteoporosis, neurologic symptoms
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Gaucher's disease (glucocerebrosidase deficiency)
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Hereditary nephritis, sensorineural hearing loss, cataracts
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Alport syndrome (mutation in a chain of collagen IV)
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Hyperphagia, hypersexuality, hyperorality, hyperdoctily
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Kluver-Bucy syndrome (bilateral a mygdala lesion)
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Hyperreflexia, hypertonia, Babinski sign present
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UMN damage
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Hyporeflexia, hypotonia, atrophy, fasciculations
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LMN damage
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Hypoxemia, polycythemia, hypercapnia
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Blue bloater (chronic bronchitis: hyperplasia of mucous cells)
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Indurated, ulcerated genital lesion
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Nonpainful: chancre ( 1y syphilis , Treponema pallidwn) Painful , with exudate : chancroid (Haemophilus ducreyi)
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Infant with cleft lip/palate, microcephaly or holoprosencephaly, polydactyly, cutis aplasia
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Patau's syndrome (trisomy 13 )
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Infant with failure to thrive, hepatosplenomegaly, and neurodegeneration
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Niemann-Pick disease (genetic sphingomyelinase deficiency)
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Infant with hypoglycemia, failure to thrive, and hepatomegaly
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Cori's disease (debranching enzyme deficiency)
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Infant with microcephaly, rocker-bottom feet, clenched hands, and structural heart defect
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Edwards' syndrome (trisomy 18)
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Jaundice, palpable distended non-tender gallbladder
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Courvoisier's sign (distal obstruction of biliary tree)
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Large rash with bull's-eye appearance
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Erythema chronicum migrans from Ixodes tick bite (Lyme disease: Borrelia)
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Lucid interval after traumatic brain injury
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Epidural hematoma (middle meningeal artery rupture)
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Male child, recurrent infections, no mature B cells
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Bruton's disease (X-Iinked agammaglobulinemia)
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Mucosal bleeding and prolonged bleeding time
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Glanzmann's thrombasthenia (defect in platelet aggregation due to lack of Gpllb/IIIa)
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Muffled heart sounds, distended neck veins, hypotension
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Beck's triad of cardiac tamponade
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Multiple colon polyps, osteomas/soft tissue tumors, impacted/ supernumerary teeth
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Gardner's syndrome (subtype of FAP)
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Myopathy (infantile hypertrophic cardiomyopathy), exercise intolerance
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Pompe's disease (lysosomal a-1,4-glucosidase deficiency)
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Neonate with arm paralysis following difficult birth
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Erb-Duchenne palsy (superior trunk [C5-C6] brachial plexus injury: "waiter's tip")
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No lactation postpartum, absent menstruation, cold intolerance
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Sheehan's syndrome (pituitary infarction)
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Nystagmus, intention tremor, scanning speech, bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia
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Multiple sclerosis
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Oscillating slow/fast breathing
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Cheyne-Stokes respirations (central apnea in CHF or increased intracranial pressure)
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Painful blue fingers/toes, hemolytic anemia
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Cold agglutinin disease (autoimmune hemolytic anemia caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, infectious mononucleosis)
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Painful, pale, cold fingers/toes
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Raynaud's phenomenon (vasospasm in extremities)
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Painful, raised red lesions on pad of fingers/toes
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Osler's node (infective endocarditis, immune complex deposition)
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Painless erythematous lesions on palms and soles
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Janeway lesions (infective endocarditis, septic emboli/ micro abscesses)
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Painless jaundice
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Cancer of the pancreatic head obstructing bile duct
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Palpable purpura on buttocks/legs, joint pain, abdominal pain (child), hematuria
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Henoch-Schonlein purpura (IgA vasculitis affecting skin and kidneys)
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Pancreatic, pituitary, parathyroid tumors
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MEN l (autosomal dominant)
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Periorbital and/or peripheral edema, proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hypercholesterolemia
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Nephrotic syndrome
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Pink complexion, dyspnea, hyperventilation
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Pink puffer" (emphysema: centriacinar [smoking], panacinar [alpha1 antitrypsin deficiency))
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Polyuria, renal tubular acidosis type II, growth failure, electrolyte imbalances, hypophosphatemic rickets
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Fanconi's syndrome (proximal tubular reabsorption defect)
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Positive anterior drawer sign" "
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Anterior cruciate ligament injury
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Pruritic, purple, polygonal planar papules and plaques (6 P's)
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Lichen planus
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Ptosis, miosis, anhidrosis
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Horner's syndrome (sympathetic chain lesion)
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Pupil accommodates but doesn't react
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Argyll Robertson pupil (neurosyphilis)
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Rapidly progressive leg weakness that ascends following Gl/ upper respiratory infection
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Guillain-Barre syndrome (acute autoimmune inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy)
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Rash on palms and soles
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Coxsackie A, 2y syphilis, Rocky Mountain spotted fever
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Recurrent colds, unusual eczema, high serum IgE
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Hyper-IgE syndrome (Job's syndrome: neutrophil chemotaxis abnormality)
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Red currant jelly" sputum in alcoholic or diabetic patients "
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Klebsiella pneunoniae
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Red currant jelly" stools "
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Acute mesenteric ischemia (adults), intussusception (infants)
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Red, itchy, swollen rash of nipple/areola
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Paget's disease of the breast (represents underlying neoplasm)
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Reel urine in the morning, fragile RBCs
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Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
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Renal cell carcinoma (bilateral), hemangioblastomas, angiomatosis, pheochromocytoma
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von Hippel-Linclau disease (dominant tumor suppressor gene mutation)
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Resting tremor, rigidity, akinesia, postural instability
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Parkinson's disease ( nigrostriatal dopamine depletion)
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Retinal hemorrhages with pale centers
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Roth's spots (bacterial endocarditis)
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Severe jaundice in neonate
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Crigler-Najjar syndrome (congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)
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Severe RLQ pain with palpation of LLQ
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Rovsing's sign (acute appendicitis)
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Severe RLQ pain with rebound tenderness
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McBurney's sign (appendicitis)
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Short stature, increase incidence of tumors/leukemia, aplastic anemia
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Fanconi's anemia (genetic loss of DNA crosslink repair; often progresses to AML)
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Single palmar crease
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Simian crease (Down syndrome)
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Situs inversus, chronic sinusitis, bronchiectasis, infertility
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Kartagener's syndrome (dynein arm defect affecting cilia)
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Skin hyperpigmentation, hypotension, fatigue
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Addison's disease (1y adrenocortical insufficiency causes increase ACTH and increase a-MSH production)
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Slow, progressive muscle weakness in boys
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Becker's muscular dystrophy (X-Iinkecl missense mutation in dystrophin; less severe than Duchenne's)
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Small, irregular reel spots on buccal/lingual mucosa with blue-white centers
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Koplik spots (measles; rubeola virus)
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Smooth, flat, moist, painless white lesions on genitals
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Condylomata lata (2y syphilis)
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Splinter hemorrhages in fingernails
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Bacterial endocarditis
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"Strawberry tongue"
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Scarlet fever, Kawasaki disease, toxic shock syndrome
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Streak ovaries, congenital heart disease, horseshoe kidney, cystic hygroma at birth, short stature, webbed neck, lymphedema
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Turner syndrome (45,XO)
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Sudden swollen/painful big toe joint, tophi
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Gout/podagra (hyperuricemia)
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Swollen gums, mucosal bleeding, poor wound healing, spots on skin
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Scurvy (vitamin C deficiency: can't hydroxylate proline/lysine for collagen synthesis)
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Swollen, hard, painful finger joints
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Osteoarthritis (osteophytes on PIP (Bouchard's nodes], DIP [Heberden's nodes]
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Systolic ejection murmur (crescendo-decrescendo)
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Aortic valve stenosis
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Thyroid and parathyroid tumors, pheochromocytoma
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MEN 2A (autosomal dominant ret mutation)
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Thyroid tumors, pheochromocytoma, ganglioneuromatosis
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MEN 2B (autosomal dominant ret mutation)
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Toe extension/fanning upon plantar scrape
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Babinski sign (UMN lesion)
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Unilateral facial drooping involving forehead
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Facial nerve (LMN CN VII palsy)
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Urethritis, conjunctivitis, arthritis in a male
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Reactive arthritis associated with HLA-B27
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Vascular birthmark (port-wine stain)
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Hemangioma (benign, but associated with Sturge-Weber syndrome)
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Vomiting blood following gastroesophageal lacerations
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Mallory-Weiss syndrome (alcoholic and bulimic patients)
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Weight loss, diarrhea, arthritis, fever, adenopathy
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Whipple's disease (Tropheryma whipplei)
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Worst headache of my life" "
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Subarachnoid hemorrhage
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Anticentromere antibodies
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Scleroderma (CREST)
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Antidesmoglein (epithelial) antibodies
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Pemphigus vulgaris (blistering)
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Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies
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Goodpasture's syndrome (glomerulonephritis and hemoptysis)
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Antihistone antibodies
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Drug-induced SLE (hydralazine, isoniazid, phenytoin, procainamide)
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Anti-IgG antibodies
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Rheumatoid arthritis (systemic inflammation, joint pannus, boutonniere deformity)
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Antimitochondrial antibodies (AMAs)
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1y biliary cirrhosis (female, cholestasis, portal hypertension)
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Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs)
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Vasculitis (c-ANCA: granulomatosis with polyangiitis [Wegener's]; p-ANCA: microscopic polyangiitis, Churg Strauss syndrome)
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Antinuclear antibodies (ANAs: anti-Smith and anti-dsDNA)
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SLE (type III hypersensitivity)
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Antiplatelet antibodies
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Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
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Anti-topoisomerase antibodies
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Diffuse systemic scleroderma
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Anti - transglutaminase/anti-gliadin/anti-endomysial antibodies
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Celiac disease (diarrhea, distention, weight loss)
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"Apple core" lesion on abdominal x-ray
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Colorectal cancer (usually left-sided)
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Azurophilic peroxidase-positive granular inclusions in granulocytes and myeloblasts
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Auer rods (acute myelogenous leukemia, especially the promyelocytic (M3] type)
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Bacitracin response
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Sensitive: Streptococcus pyogenes (group A); resistant: Streptococcus agalactiae (group B)
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"Bamboo spine" on x-ray
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Ankylosing spondylitis (chronic inflammatory arthritis: HLA-B27)
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Basophilic nuclear remnants in RBCs
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Howell-Jolly bodies (clue to splenectomy or nonfunctional spleen)
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Basophilic stippling of RBCs
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Lead poisoning or sideroblastic anemia
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Bloody tap on LP
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Subarachnoid hemorrhage
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"Boot shaped" heart on x-ray
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Tetralogy of Fallot, RVH
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Branching gram-positive rods with sulfur granules
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Actinomyces israelii
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Bronchogenic apical lung tumor on imaging
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Pancoast tumor (can compress sympathetic ganglion and cause Horner's syndrome)
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Brown" tumor of bone "
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Hyperparathyroidism or osteitis fibrosa cystica (deposited hemosiderin from hemorrhage gives brown color)
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Cardiomegaly with apical atrophy
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Chagas' disease (Trypanosoma cruzi)
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Cellular crescents in Bowman's capsule
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Rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis
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"Chocolate cyst" of ovary
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Endometriosis (frequently involves both ovaries)
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Circular grouping of dark tumor cells surrounding pale neurofibrils
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Homer-Wright rosettes (neuroblastoma, medulloblastoma, retinoblastoma)
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Colonies of mucoid Pseudomonas in lungs
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Cystic fibrosis (autosomal-recessive mutation in CFTR resulting in fat-soluble vitamin deficiency and mucous plugs)
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Decreased a-fetoprotein in amniotic fluid/maternal serum
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Down syndrome or other chromosomal abnormality
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Degeneration of dorsal column nerves
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Tabes dorsalis (3y syphilis), subacute combined degeneration (dorsal columns and lateral corticospinal tracts affected)
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Depigmentation of neurons in substantia nigra
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Parkinson's disease (basal ganglia disorder: rigidity, resting tremor, bradykinesia)
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Desquamated epithelium casts in sputum
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Curschmann's spirals (bronchial asthma; can result in whorled mucous plugs)
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Disarrayed granulosa cells in eosinophilic fluid
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Call-Exner bodies (granulosa-theca cell tumor of the ovary)
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Dysplastic squamous cervical cells with nuclear enlargement and hyperchromasia
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Koilocytes (HPV: predisposes to cervical cancer)
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Enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusion bodies
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"Owl's eye" appearance of CMV
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Enlarged thyroid cells with ground-glass nuclei
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"Orphan Annie's eyes" nuclei (papillary carcinoma of the thyroid)
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Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in liver cell
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Mallory bodies (alcoholic liver disease)
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Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in nerve cell
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Lewy body (Parkinson's disease)
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Eosinophilic globule in liver
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Councilman body (toxic or viral hepatitis, often yellow fever)
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Eosinophilic inclusion bodies in cytoplasm of hippocampal nerve cells
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Negri bodies of rabies (Lyssavirus)
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Extracellular amyloid deposition in gray matter of brain
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Senile plaques (Alzheimer's disease)
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Giant B cells with bilobecl nuclei with prominent inclusions (owl's eye") "
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Reed-Sternberg cells (Hodgkin's lymphoma)
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Glomerulus-like structure surrounding vessel in germ cells
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Schiller-Duval bodies (yolk sac tumor)
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"Hair on end" (crew-cut) appearance on x-ray
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Beta-thalassemia, sickle cell anemia (marrow expansion)
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hCG elevated
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Choriocarcinoma, hydatidiform mole (occurs with and without embryo)
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Heart nodules (granulomatous)
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Aschoff bodies (rheumatic fever)
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Heterophile antibodies
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Infectious mononucleosis (EBV)
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Hexagonal, double-pointed, needle-like crystals in bronchial secretions
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Bronchial asthma (Charcot-Leyden crystals: eosinophilic granules)
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High level of D-dimers
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DVT, pulmonary embolism, DIC
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Hilar lymphadenopathy, peripheral granulomatous lesion in middle or lower lung lobes (can calcify)
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Ghon complex 1y TB: Mycobacterium bacilli)
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"Honeycomb lung" on x-ray or CT
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Interstitial pulmonary fibrosis
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Hypercoagulability (leading to migrating DVTs and vasculitis)
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Trousseau's syndrome (adenocarcinoma of pancreas or lung)
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Hypersegmented neutrophils
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Megaloblastic anemia (B12 deficiency: neurologic symptoms; folate deficiency: no neurologic symptoms)
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Hypertension, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis
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Conn's syndrome
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Hypochromic, microcytic anemia
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Iron deficiency anemia, lead poisoning, thalassemia (fetal hemoglobin sometimes present)
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Increased a-fetoprotein in amniotic fluid/maternal serum
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Dating error, anencephaly, spina bifida (neural tube defects)
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Increased uric acid levels
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Gout, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, tumor lysis syndrome, loop and thiazide diuretics
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Intranuclear eosinophilic droplet-like bodies
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Cowdry type A bodies (HSV or CMV)
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Iron-containing nodules in alveolar septum
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Ferruginous bodies (asbestosis: increase chance of mesothelioma)
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Keratin pearls on a skin biopsy
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Squamous cell carcinoma
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Large lysosomal vesicles in phagocytes, immunodeficiency
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Chediak-Higashi disease (congenital failure of phagolysosome formation)
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"Lead pipe" appearance of colon on barium enema x-ray
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Ulcerative colitis (loss of haustra)
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Linear appearance of lgG deposition on glomerular basement membrane
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Goodpasture's syndrome
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Low serum ceruloplasmin
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Wilson's disease (hepatolenticular degeneration)
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Lumpy bumpy" appearance of glomeruli on immunofluorescence
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Poststrcptococcal glomerulonephritis (immune complex deposition of lgG and C3b)
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Lytic ("hole punched") bone lesions on x-ray
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Multiple myeloma
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Mammary gland ("blue domed") cyst
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Fibrocystic change of the breast
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Monoclonal antibody spike
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• Multiple myeloma (usually lgG or lgA) • Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS; normal consequence of aging) • Waldenstrom's (M protein = IgM) macroglobulinemia • Primary amyloidosis
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Mucin-filled cell with peripheral nucleus
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Signet ring (gastric carcinoma)
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Narrowing of bowel lumen on barium x-ray
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"String sign" (Crohn's disease)
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Necrotizing vasculitis (lungs) and necrotizing glomerulonephritis
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Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's; c-ANCA positive) and Goodpasture's syndrome (anti-basement membrane antibodies)
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Needle-shaped, negatively birefringent crystals
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Gout (monosodium urate crystals)
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Nodular hyaline deposits in glomeruli
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Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules (diabetic nephropathy)
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Novobiocin response
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Sensitive: Staphylococcus epidermidis; resistant: Staphylococcus saprophyticus
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Nutmeg" appearance of liver "
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Chronic passive congestion of liver due to right heart failure
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"Onion skin" periosteal reaction
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Ewing's sarcoma (malignant round-cell tumor)
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Optochin response
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Sensitive: Streptococcus pneumoniae; resistant: Viridans streptococcus
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Periosteum raised from bone, creating triangular area
|
Cadman's triangle on x-ray (osteosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, pyogenic osteomyelitis)
|
|
|
Podocyte fusion or "effacement" on electron microscopy
|
Minimal change disease (child with nephrotic syndrome)
|
|
|
Polished, "ivory like" appearance of bone at cartilage erosion
|
Eburnation (osteoarthritis resulting in bony sclerosis)
|
|
|
Protein aggregates in neurons from hyperphosphorylation of protein tau
|
Neurofibrillary tangles (Alzheimer's disease) and Pick's bodies (Pick's disease)
|
|
|
Psammoma bodies
|
Meningiomas, papillary thyroid carcinoma, mesothelioma, papillary serous carcinoma of the endometrium and ovary
|
|
|
Pseudopalisading tumor cells on brain biopsy
|
Glioblastoma multiforme
|
|
|
RBC casts in urine
|
Acute glomerulonephritis
|
|
|
Rectangular, crystal-like, cytoplasmic inclusions in Leydig cells
|
Reinke crystals (Leydig cell tumor)
|
|
|
Renal epithelial casts in urine
|
Acute toxic/viral nephrosis
|
|
|
Rhomboid crystals, positively birefringent
|
Pseudogout (calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals)
|
|
|
Rib notching
|
Coarctation of the aorta
|
|
|
Ring-enhancing brain lesion in AIDS
|
Toxoplasma gondii, CNS lymphoma
|
|
|
Sheets of medium-sized lymphoid cells with scattered pale, tingible body-laden macrophages ("starry sky" histology)
|
Burkitt's lymphoma (t[8:14] c-myc activation, associated with EBV; "black sky" made up of malignant cells)
|
|
|
Silver-staining spherical aggregation of tau proteins in neurons
|
Pick bodies (Pick's disease: progressive dementia, changes in personality)
|
|
|
Soap bubble" in femur or tibia on x-ray "
|
Giant cell tumor of bone (generally benign)
|
|
|
"Spike on basement membrane, "dome like" subepithelial deposits "
|
Memranous glomerulonephritis (may progress to nephrotic syndrome)
|
|
|
Stacks of RBCs
|
Rouleaux formation (high ESR, multiple myeloma)
|
|
|
Stippled vaginal epithelial cells
|
Clue cells" ( Gardnerella vaginalis) "
|
|
|
Tennis racket" shaped cytoplasmic organelles (EM) in Langerhans cells "
|
Birbeck granules (Langerhans cell histiocytosis or histiocytosis X: eosinophilic granuloma)
|
|
|
Thrombi made of white/red layers
|
Lines of Zahn (arterial thrombus, layers of platelets/RBCs)
|
|
|
Thumb sign" on lateral x-ray "
|
Epiglottitis (Haemophilus influenzae)
|
|
|
Thyroid-like appearance of kidney
|
Chronic bacterial pyelonephritis
|
|
|
Tram-track appearance of capillary loops of glomerular basement membranes on light microscopy
|
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
|
|
|
Triglyceride accumulation in liver cell vacuoles
|
Fatty liver disease (alcoholic or metabolic syndrome)
|
|
|
Waxy" casts with very low urine flow "
|
Chronic end-stage renal disease
|
|
|
WBC casts in urine
|
Acute pyelonephritis
|
|
|
WBCs that look smudged" "
|
CLL (almost always B cell)
|
|
|
Wire loop" glomerular capillary appearance on light microscopy "
|
Lupus nephropathy
|
|
|
Yellowish CSF
|
Xanthochromia (e.g., due to subarachnoid hemorrhage)
|
|
|
Absence seizures
|
Ethosuximide
|
|
|
Acute gout attack
|
NSAIDs, colchicine
|
|
|
Acute promyelocytic leukemia (M3)
|
All-trans retinoic acid
|
|
|
ADHD
|
Methylphenidate, amphetamines
|
|
|
Alcohol abuse
|
AA + disulfiram for patient and Al-Anon for family
|
|
|
Alcohol withdrawal
|
Benzodiazepines
|
|
|
Anorexia
|
SSRis
|
|
|
Anticoagulation during pregnancy
|
Heparin
|
|
|
Arrhythmia in damaged cardiac tissue
|
Class IB antiarrhythmic (lidocaine, mexiletine, tocainide)
|
|
|
B12 deficiency
|
Vitamin B12 supplementation (work up cause with Schilling test)
|
|
|
Benign prostatic hyperplasia
|
Tamsulosin, finasteride
|
|
|
Bipolar disorder
|
Lithium, valproate, carbamazepine, lamotrigine (mood stabilizers)
|
|
|
Breast cancer in postmenopausal woman
|
Aromatase inhibitor (anastrozole)
|
|
|
Buerger's disease
|
Smoking cessation
|
|
|
Bulimia
|
SSRis
|
|
|
Candida albicans
|
Amphotericin B (systemic), nystatin (oral thrush, esophagitis)
|
|
|
Carcinoid syndrome
|
Octreotide
|
|
|
Chlamydia trachomatis
|
Doxycycline (+ ceftriaxone for gonorrhea coinfection), erythromycin eye drops (prophylaxis in infants)
|
|
|
Chronic gout
|
Probenecid (underexcretor), allopurinol (overproducer)
|
|
|
Chronic hepatitis
|
IFN-a
|
|
|
Chronic myelogenous leukemia
|
lmatinib
|
|
|
Clostridium botulinum
|
Antitoxin
|
|
|
Clostridium difficile
|
Oral metronidazole; if refractory, oral vancomycin
|
|
|
Clostridium tetani
|
Antitoxin + vaccine booster + diazepam
|
|
|
Crohn's disease
|
Corticosteroids, infliximab
|
|
|
Cryptococcus neoformans
|
Fluconazole (prophylaxis in AIDS patients)
|
|
|
Cyclophosphamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis
|
Mesna
|
|
|
Cystic fibrosis
|
N-acetylcysteine + antipseudomonal prophylaxis (tobramycin/ azithromycin)
|
|
|
Cytomegalovirus
|
Ganciclovir
|
|
|
Depression
|
SSRis (first-line)
|
|
|
Diabetes insipidus
|
Desmopressin (central); hydrochlorothiazide, indomethacin, amiloride (nephrogenic)
|
|
|
Diabetes mellitus type 1
|
Dietary intervention (low-sugar) + insulin replacement
|
|
|
Diabetes mellitus type 2
|
Dietary intervention, oral hypoglycemics, and insulin (possible)
|
|
|
Diabetic ketoacidosis
|
Fluids, insulin, K+
|
|
|
Enterococci
|
Vancomycin/ampicillin + aminoglycoside
|
|
|
Erectile dysfunction
|
Sildenafil, vardenafil
|
|
|
ER-positive breast cancer
|
Tamoxifen
|
|
|
Ethylene glycol/methanol intoxication
|
Fomepizole (alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor)
|
|
|
Haemophilus influenzae (B)
|
Rifampin (prophylaxis)
|
|
|
Generalized anxiety disorder
|
Buspirone
|
|
|
Heparin toxicity (acute)
|
Protamine sulfate
|
|
|
HER2/neu-positive breast cancer
|
Trastuzumab
|
|
|
Hyperaldosteronism
|
Spironolactone
|
|
|
Hypercholesterolemia
|
Statin (first-line)
|
|
|
Hypertriglyceridemia
|
Fibrate
|
|
|
Immediate anticoagulation
|
Heparin
|
|
|
Infertility
|
Leuprolide, GnRH (pulsatile)
|
|
|
Influenza
|
Rimantadine, oseltamivir
|
|
|
Legionella pneumophila
|
Erythromycin
|
|
|
Long-term anticoagulation
|
Warfarin
|
|
|
Malaria
|
Chloroquine/mefloquine (for blood schizont), primaquine (for liver hypnozoite)
|
|
|
Malignant hyperthermia
|
Dantrolene
|
|
|
Medical abortion
|
Mifepristone
|
|
|
Migraine
|
Sumatriptan
|
|
|
MRSA
|
Vancomycin
|
|
|
Multiple sclerosis
|
˜B-interferon, immunosuppression, natalizumab
|
|
|
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
|
RIPE (rifampin, INH, pyrazinamide, ethambutol)
|
|
|
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
|
Ceftriaxone (add doxycycline to cover likely concurrent Chlamydia)
|
|
|
Neisseria meningitidis
|
Penicillin/ceftriaxone, rifampin (prophylaxis)
|
|
|
Neural tube defect prevention
|
Prenatal folic acid
|
|
|
Osteomalacia/rickets
|
Vitamin D supplementation
|
|
|
Osteoporosis
|
Bisphosphonates; calcium and vitamin D supplementation
|
|
|
Patent ductus arteriosus
|
Indomethacin
|
|
|
Pheochromocytoma
|
a-antagonists (e.g., phenoxybenzamine)
|
|
|
Pneumocystis jirovecii
|
TMP-SMX (prophylaxis in AIDS patient)
|
|
|
Prolactinoma
|
Bromocriptine (dopamine agonists)
|
|
|
Prostate cancer/uterine fibroids
|
Leuprolide, GnRH (continuous)
|
|
|
Prostate carcinoma
|
Flutamide
|
|
|
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
|
Antipseudomonal penicillin + aminoglycoside
|
|
|
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (idiopathic)
|
Sildenafil, bosentan, epoprostenol (prostacyclin)
|
|
|
Rickettsia rickettsii
|
Doxycycline, chloramphenicol (especially in context of aplastic anemia)
|
|
|
Ringworm infections
|
Terbinafine, griseofulvin , imidazole
|
|
|
Schizophrenia (negative symptoms)
|
5 -HT2A antagonists (e.g., second-generation antipsychotics)
|
|
|
Schizophrenia (positive symptoms)
|
02 receptor antagonists (e.g., first- and second-generation antipsychotics)
|
|
|
SIADH
|
Demeclocycline, lithium , vasopressin receptor antagonists
|
|
|
Sickle cell anemia
|
Hydroxyurea (increase fetal hemoglobin)
|
|
|
Sporothrix schenckii
|
Oral potassium chloride
|
|
|
Stable angina
|
Sublingual nitroglycerin
|
|
|
Staphylococcus aureus
|
MSSA : nafcillin , oxacillin , dicloxacillin (antistaphylococcal [enicillins); MRSA: vancomycin
|
|
|
Streptococcus bovis
|
Penicillin prophylaxis; evaluation for colon cancer if linked to endocarditis
|
|
|
Streptococcus pneumoniae
|
Penicillin /cephalosporin (systemic infection, pneumonia), vancomycin (meningitis)
|
|
|
Streptococcus pyogenes
|
Penicillin prophylaxis
|
|
|
Temporal arteritis
|
High-dose steroids
|
|
|
Tonic-clonic seizures
|
Phenytoin, valproate, carbamazepine
|
|
|
Toxoplasma gondii
|
Sulfadiazine + pyrimethamine
|
|
|
Treponema pallidun
|
Penicillin
|
|
|
Trichomonas vaginalis
|
Metronidazole (patient and partner)
|
|
|
Ulcerative colitis
|
5-ASA, infliximab
|
|
|
UTI prophylaxis
|
TMP-SMX
|
|
|
Warfarin toxicity
|
Fresh frozen plasma (acute), vitamin K (chronic)
|
|
|
Wegener's granulomatosis with polyangitis
|
Cyclophosphamide, corticosteroids
|
|
|
Actinic (solar) keratosis
|
Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma
|
|
|
Acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury
|
Cushing's ulcer (increased ICP stimulates vagal gastric secretion)
|
|
|
Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns
|
Curling's ulcer (greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa)
|
|
|
Alternating areas of transmural inflammation and normal colon
|
Skip lesions (Crohn's disease)
|
|
|
Aneurysm, dissecting
|
Hypertension
|
|
|
Aortic aneurysm, abdominal and descending aorta
|
Atherosclerosis (no vaso vasorum beneath renal arteries)
|
|
|
Aortic aneurysm, arch
|
Tertiary syphilis (syphilitic aortitis), vasa vasorum destruction
|
|
|
Aortic aneurysm, ascending
|
Marfan's syndrome (idiopathic cystic medial degeneration)
|
|
|
Atrophy of the mammillary bodies
|
Wernicke's encephalopathy (thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, and confusion)
|
|
|
Autosplenectomy (fibrosis and shrinkage)
|
Sickle cell anemia (hemoglobin S)
|
|
|
Bacteria associated with gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and stomach cancer
|
H. pylori
|
|
|
Bacterial meningitis (adults and elderly)
|
Streptococcus pnewnoniae
|
|
|
Bacterial meningitis (newborns and kids)
|
Group B streptococcus (newborns), S. pneumoniae/Neisseria meningitidis (kids)
|
|
|
Benign melanocytic nevus
|
Spitz nevus (most common in first two decades)
|
|
|
Bleeding disorder with Gplb deficiency
|
Bernard-Soulier syndrome (defect in platelet adhesion to von Willebrand's factor)
|
|
|
Brain tumor (adults)
|
Supratentorial: metastasis > astrocytoma (including glioblastoma multiforme) > meningioma > schwannoma
|
|
|
Brain tumor (kids)
|
Infra tentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum) or supratentorial: craniopharyngioma (cerebrum)
|
|
|
Breast cancer
|
Infiltrating ductal carcinoma (in the U.S., l in 9 women will develop breast cancer)
|
|
|
Breast mass
|
Fibrocystic change, carcinoma (in postmenopausal women)
|
|
|
Breast tumor (benign)
|
Fibroadenoma
|
|
|
Cardiac l o tumor (kids)
|
Rhabdomyoma, often seen in tuberous sclerosis
|
|
|
Cardiac manifestation of lupus
|
Libman-Sacks endocarditis (nonbacterial, affecting both sides of mitral valve)
|
|
|
Cardiac tumor (adults)
|
Metastasis, 1° myxoma (4:l left to right atrium; ball and valve") "
|
|
|
Cerebellar tonsillar herniation
|
Chiari malformation (often presents with progressive hydrocephalus or syringomyelia)
|
|
|
Chronic arrhythmia
|
Atrial fibrillation (associated with high risk of emboli)
|
|
|
Chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)
|
Predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause pernicious anemia)
|
|
|
Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina
|
DES exposure in utero
|
|
|
Compression fracture
|
Osteoporosis (type I: postmenopausal woman; type II: elderly man or woman)
|
|
|
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension
|
21-hydroxylase deficiency
|
|
|
Congenital cardiac anomaly
|
VSD
|
|
|
Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia (black liver)
|
Dubin-Johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bilirubin into bile)
|
|
|
Constrictive pericarditis
|
Tuberculosis (developing world); systemic lupus erythematosus (developed world)
|
|
|
Coronary artery involved in thrombosis
|
LAD > RCA > LCA
|
|
|
Cretinism
|
Iodine deficit/hypothyroidism
|
|
|
Cushing's syndrome
|
• Iatrogenic Cushing's (from corticosteroid therapy) • Adrenocortical adenoma (secretes excess cortisol) • ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma • Paraneoplastic Cushing's (clue to ACTH secretion by tumors)
|
|
|
Cyanosis (early; less common)
|
Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus
|
|
|
Cyanosis ( late ; more common)
|
VSD, ASD, PDA
|
|
|
Death in CML
|
Blast crisis
|
|
|
Death in SLE
|
Lupus nephropathy
|
|
|
Dementia
|
Alzheimer's disease, multiple infarcts
|
|
|
Demyelinating disease in young women
|
Multiple sclerosis
|
|
|
DIC
|
Severe sepsis, obstetric compl ications, cancer, burns, trauma, major surgery
|
|
|
Dietary deficit
|
Iron
|
|
|
Diverticulum in pharynx
|
Zenker's diverticulum (diagnosed by barium swallow)
|
|
|
Ejection click
|
Aortic/pulmonic stenosis
|
|
|
Esophageal cancer
|
Squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide) ; adenocarcinoma (U.S.)
|
|
|
Food poisoning (exotoxin mediated)
|
S. aureus, B . cereus
|
|
|
Glomerulonephritis (adults)
|
Berger's disease (IgA nephropathy)
|
|
|
Gynecologic malignancy
|
Endometrial carcinoma (most common in U.S .) ; cervical carcinoma (most common worldwide)
|
|
|
Heart murmur , congenital
|
Mitral valve prolapse
|
|
|
Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis
|
Mitral > aortic (rheumatic fever) , tricuspid (IV drug abuse)
|
|
|
Helminth infection (U.S.)
|
Enterobius vermicularis, Ascaris lumbricoides
|
|
|
Hematoma - epidural
|
Rupture of middle meningeal artery (trauma; lentiform shaped)
|
|
|
Hematoma - subdural
|
Rupture of bridging veins (crescent shaped)
|
|
|
Hemochromatosis
|
Multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation (can result in CHF, "bronze diabetes," and increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma)
|
|
|
Hepatocellular carcinoma
|
Cirrhotic liver (associated with hepatitis B and C and with alcoholism)
|
|
|
Hereditary bleeding disorder
|
von Willebrand's disease
|
|
|
Hereditary harmless jaundice
|
Gilbert's syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)
|
|
|
HLA-B27
|
Ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter's syndrome, ulcerative colitis, psonasis
|
|
|
HLA-DR3 or -DR4
|
Diabetes mellitus type 1, rheumatoid arthritis, SLE
|
|
|
Holosystolic murmur
|
VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation
|
|
|
Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis
|
Virchow's triad (results in venous thrombosis)
|
|
|
Hypertension, 2°
|
Renal disease
|
|
|
Hypoparathyroidism
|
Accidental excision during thyroidectomy
|
|
|
Hypopituitarism
|
Pituitary adenoma (usually benign tumor)
|
|
|
Infection 2° to blood transfusion
|
Hepatitis C
|
|
|
Infections in chronic granulomatous disease
|
Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Aspergillus (catalase positive)
|
|
|
Kidney stones
|
Calcium = radiopaque Struvite (ammonium) = radiopaque (formed by urease-positive organisms such as Proteus vulgaris or Staphylococcus) Uric acid = radiolucent
|
|
|
Late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected left to right becomes right to left)
|
Eisenmenger's syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulmonary hypertension/polycythemia)
|
|
|
Liver disease
|
Alcoholic cirrhosis
|
|
|
Lysosomal storage disease
|
Gaucher's disease
|
|
|
Male cancer
|
Prostatic carcinoma
|
|
|
Malignancy associated with noninfectious fever
|
Hodgkin's lymphoma
|
|
|
Malignancy (kids)
|
ALL, medulloblastoma (cerebellum)
|
|
|
Mental retardation
|
Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome
|
|
|
Metastases to bone
|
Prostate, breast > lung > thyroid, testes
|
|
|
Metastases to brain
|
Lung > breast > genitourinary > osteosarcoma > melanoma > GI
|
|
|
Metastases to liver
|
Colon >> stomach, pancreas
|
|
|
Mitochondrial inheritance
|
Disease occurs in both males and females, inherited through females only
|
|
|
Mitral valve stenosis
|
Rheumatic heart disease
|
|
|
Mixed (UM and LMN) motor neuron disease
|
ALS
|
|
|
Myocarditis
|
Coxsackie B
|
|
|
Nephrotic syndrome (adults)
|
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
|
|
|
Nephrotic syndrome (kids)
|
Minimal change disease
|
|
|
Neuron migration failure
|
Kallmann syndrome (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia)
|
|
|
Nosocomial pneumonia
|
Klebsiella, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa
|
|
|
Obstruction of male urinary tract
|
BPH
|
|
|
Opening snap
|
Mitral stenosis
|
|
|
Opportunistic infection in AIDS
|
Pneunocystis jirovecii (formerly carinii) pneumonia
|
|
|
Osteomyelitis
|
S. aureus
|
|
|
Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease
|
Salmonella
|
|
|
Osteomyelitis with IV drug use
|
Pseudomonas, S. aureus
|
|
|
Ovarian metastasis from gastric carcinoma or breast cancer
|
Krukenberg tumor (mucin-secreting signet-ring cells)
|
|
|
Ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral)
|
Serous cystadenoma
|
|
|
Ovarian tumor (malignant)
|
Serous cystadenocarcinoma
|
|
|
Pancreatitis (acute)
|
Gallstones, alcohol
|
|
|
Pancreatitis (chronic)
|
Alcohol (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids)
|
|
|
Patient with ALL /CLL /AML /CML
|
ALL: child, CLL: adult > 60, AML: adult -65, CML: adult 30-60
|
|
|
Pelvic inflammatory disease
|
Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae
|
|
|
Philadelphia chromosome t(9;22) (bcr-abl)
|
CML (may sometimes be associated with ALL/AML)
|
|
|
Pituitary tumor
|
Prolactinoma, somatotropic acidophilic" adenoma "
|
|
|
Primary amenorrhea
|
Turner syndrome (45,XO)
|
|
|
Primary bone tumor (adults)
|
Multiple myeloma
|
|
|
Primary hyperaldosteronism
|
Adenoma of adrenal cortex
|
|
|
Primary hyperparathyroidism
|
Adenomas, hyperplasia, carcinoma
|
|
|
Primary liver cancer
|
Hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, a.1 antitrypsin deficiency)
|
|
|
Pulmonary hypertension
|
COPD
|
|
|
Recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremities
|
Buerger's disease (strongly associated with tobacco)
|
|
|
Renal tumor
|
Renal cell carcinoma: associated with von Hippel-Linclau and cigarette smoking; paraneoplastic syndromes (EPO, renin, PTH, ACTH)
|
|
|
Right heart failure clue to a pulmonary cause
|
Cor pulmonale
|
|
|
S3 (protocliastolic gallop)
|
Increased ventricular filling (left to right shunt, mitral regurgitation, LV failure [CHF])
|
|
|
S4 (presystolic gallop)
|
Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)
|
|
|
Secondary hyperparathyroidism
|
Hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease
|
|
|
Sexually transmitted disease
|
Chlamydia (usually coinfectecl with gonorrhea)
|
|
|
SIADH
|
Small cell carcinoma of the lung
|
|
|
Site of diverticula
|
Sigmoid colon
|
|
|
Sites of atherosclerosis
|
Abdominal aorta > coronary artery > popliteal artery >carotid artery.
|
|
|
Stomach cancer
|
Adenocarcinoma
|
|
|
Stomach ulcerations and high gastrin levels
|
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastrinoma of duodenum or pancreas)
|
|
|
t(l4;l8)
|
Follicular lymphomas (bcl-2 activation)
|
|
|
t(8;14)
|
Burkitt's lymphoma (c-myc activation)
|
|
|
t(9;22)
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Philadelphia chromosome, CML (bcr-abl fusion)
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Temporal arteritis
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Risk of ipsilateral blindness clue to thrombosis of artery; polymyalgia rheumatica
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Testicular tumor
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Seminoma
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Thyroid cancer
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Papillary carcinoma
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Tumor in women
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Leiomyoma (estrogen dependent, not precancerous)
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Tumor of infancy
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Hemangioma (usually regresses spontaneously by childhood)
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Tumor of the adrenal medulla (adults)
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Pheochromocytoma (usually benign)
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Tu mor of the adrenal medulla ( kids)
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Neuroblastoma (malignant)
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Type of Hodgkin's
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Nodular sclerosis (vs. m ixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion)
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Type of non-Hodgkin's
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Diffuse large cell
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UTI
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E. coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus (young women)
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Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe
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HSV1
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Vitamin deficiency ( U . S . )
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Folate (pregnant women are at high risk; body stores only 3 -to 4-month supply; prevents neural tube defects)
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Sensitivity
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Sensitivity = TP/(TP + FN), TP=true positive, FN=false negative
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Specificity
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Specific ity = TN/(TN + FP), TN = true negative, FP = false positive
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Positive pred ictive value
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PPV = TP/(TP + FP), TP= true positive, FP = false positive
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Negative predictive value
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NPV = TN/(TN + FN)
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Odds ratio (for case-control studies)
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Odds ratio = (a/c)/(b/d) = ad/bc
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Relative risk
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[a/(a + b)]/[c/{c+d)]
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Attributable risk
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absolute risk = (a/a+b)/(c/c+d)
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Number needed to treat
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NNT = 1/absolute risk reduction
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Number needed to harm
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NNH = 1/attributable risk
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Body mass index
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BMI = kg/m^2
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Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
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p^2+2pq+q^2=1, p+q=1
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Volume of distribution
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Vd=amount of drug in body/plasma drug concentration
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Half-life
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T1/2 = 0.7Vd/Cl
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Drug clearance
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Cl = rate of drug elimination/plasma drug concentration = Vd x Ke (elimination constant)
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Loading Dose
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Ld = Cp x Vd/F, Cp = plasma concentration, F = Bioavailability
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Maintenance dose
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MD = Cp x CL/F
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Cardiac output
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CO = SVxHR, Also CO =(rate of O2 consumption)/(arterial O2 content-venous O2 content)
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Mean arterial pressure
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MAP = COxTPR, MAP = 2/3diastolic +1/3systolic
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stroke volume
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SV=CO/HR=EDV-ESV
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Ejection fraction
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ED=SV/EDV = EDV-ESV/EDV
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Resistance
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Resistance = driving pressure (deltaP)/flow(Q) = 8n(viscosity)xlength/pi x r^4
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Net filtration pressure
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Pnet=[(Pc-Pi)-(pic-pii)], Jv=net fluid flow = Kf x Pnet, pi=3.14
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Renal clearance
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Cx=UxV/Px
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GFR
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GFR = Uinulin x V/Pinulin = Cinulin, GFR = Kf [Pgc-Pbs)-(pigc-pibs)
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Effective renal plasma flow
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ERPF = Upah x V/ Ppah
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Renal blood flow
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RBF=RPF/1-Hct
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Filtration fraction
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FF=GFR/RPF
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Henderson Hasselbach (extracellular pH)
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pH=6.1 + log [HCO3-]/0.03PCO2
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Physiologic dead space
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Vd = VT x [(PaCO2)-PECO2]/PzCO2
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Pulmonary vascular resistance
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PVR = [P (pulm art)-P (left atrium)]/CO
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Alveolar gas equation
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PAO2 = PIO2-(PaCO2/R)
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