Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What histamine receptor can be blocked to treat respiratory problems? |
H1 receptor blockers
|
|
|
What are the types of H1 blockers?
|
- 1st generation: Diphenhydramine, Dimenhydrinate, Chlorpheniramine
- 2nd generation: Loratadine, Fexofenadine, Desloratadine, Cetirizine |
|
|
What kind of drug are Diphenhydramine, Dimenhydrinate, and Chlorpheniramine? Uses?
|
1st generation H1 blocker
- Used for allergies, motion sickness, and as a sleep aid |
|
|
What kind of drug are Loratadine, Fexofenadine, Desloratadine, and Cetirizine? Uses?
|
2nd generation H1 blocker
- Used for allergies |
|
|
What are the side effects of Diphenhydramine, Dimenhydrinate, and Chlorpheniramine?
|
- Sedation
- Anti-muscarinic - Anti-α-adrenergic |
|
|
What are the side effects of Loratadine, Fexofenadine, Desloratadine, and Cetirizine?
|
Far less sedating than the 1st generation because of ↓ entry into the CNS
|
|
|
What type of drug can thin respiratory secretions? Types?
|
Expectorants: Guaifenesin and N-acetylcysteine
|
|
|
What is the effect of Guaifenesin?
|
Expectorant - thins respiratory secretions, does not suppress cough reflex
|
|
|
What is the effect of N-acetylcysteine?
|
- Mucolytic - can loosen mucus plugs in CF patients
- Also used as an antidote for acetaminophen overdose |
|
|
Which drug can be used to loosen mucus plugs in cystic fibrosis patients?
|
N-acetylcysteine
|
|
|
Which drug can be used as an antidote for acetaminophen overdose?
|
N-acetylcysteine
|
|
|
Which drug has anti-tussive action? Mechanism?
|
Dextromethorphan - antagonizes NMDA glutamate receptors
|
|
|
What is the mechanism of Dextromethorphan? Effect?
|
- Antitussive - antagonizes NMDA glutamate receptors
- Synthetic codeine analog - Has mild opioid effect when used in excess (mild abuse potential) |
|
|
What can you give for overdose of Dextromethorphan?
|
Naloxone
|
|
|
What drugs can be used as a nasal decongestant? Mechanism?
|
Pseudophedrine and Phenylephrine
- Sympathomimetic α-agonist |
|
|
What are the clinical uses of Pseudophedrine and Phenylephrine?
|
- Reduces hyperemia (an excess of blood in the vessels supplying an organ or other part of the body)
- Reduces edema - Reduces nasal congestion - Opens obstructed eustachian tubes |
|
|
What is an illicit use of Pseudophedrine?
|
Used to make methamphetamine
|
|
|
What are the toxic side effects of Pseudophedrine and Phenylephrine?
|
- Hypertension
- Can also cause CNS stimulation / anxiety (pseudophedrine) |
|
|
What mediates bronchoconstriction in asthma?
|
- Inflammation
- Parasympathetic tone |
|
|
What are the types of asthma drugs?
|
- β2-agonists
- Methylxanthines - Muscarinic antagonists - Corticosteroids - Anti-leukotrienes - Omalizumab |
|
|
What are the types of β2-agonists used for asthma?
|
- Albuterol
- Salmeterol and Formoterol |
|
|
What is the mechanism and effect of Albuterol?
|
- β2-agonist → relaxes bronchial smooth muscle
- Use during acute exacerbation of asthma |
|
|
What is the mechanism and effect of Salmeterol?
|
- β2-agonist → relaxes bronchial smooth muscle
- Long-acting agents used for prophylaxis - Adverse effects are tremor and arrhythmia |
|
|
What is the mechanism and effect of Formoterol?
|
- β2-agonist → relaxes bronchial smooth muscle
- Long-acting agents used for prophylaxis - Adverse effects are tremor and arrhythmia |
|
|
What drug is a methylxanthine? Mechanism?
|
Theophylline
- Causes bronchodilation by inhibiting phosphodiesterase → ↑ cAMP levels due to ↓ cAMP hydrolysis - Also blocks action of adenosine |
|
|
What are the side effects of Theophylline?
|
- Usage is limited because of a narrow therapeutic index → cardiotoxicity, neurotoxicity
- Metabolized by cytochrome P-450 |
|
|
What asthma drug is a muscarinic antagonist? Mechanism?
|
Ipratropium
- Competitive block of muscarinic receptors, preventing bronchoconstriction |
|
|
What are the uses of Ipratropium?
|
- Asthma
- COPD |
|
|
What is the mechanism and use of Tiotropium?
|
- Long-acting muscarinic antagonist
- Used for COPD |
|
|
What corticosteroids are used for asthma?
|
- Beclomethasone
- Fluticasone |
|
|
What is the mechanism of Beclomethasone and Fluticasone?
|
Corticosteroids
- Inhibits the synthesis of virtually all cytokines - Inactivates NF-κB, the transcription factor that induces the production of TNF-α and other inflammatory agents |
|
|
What drug is the first line therapy for chronic asthma?
|
Corticosteroids: Beclomethasone and Fluticasone
|
|
|
What are the types of anti-leukotrienes used for asthma? Mechanism?
|
- Montelukast and Zafirlukast: blocks leukotriene receptors
- Zileuton: a 5-lipoxygenase pathway inhibitor |
|
|
What is the mechanism of Montelukast and Zafirlukast? Uses?
|
- Blocks leukotriene receptors
- Especially good for aspirin-induced asthma |
|
|
What is the mechanism of Zileuton?
|
- 5-lipoxygenase pathway inhibitor
- Blocks conversion of arachidonic acid to leukotrienes |
|
|
What is the mechanism of Omalizumab?
|
Monoclonal anti-IgE antibody
- Binds mostly to unbound serum IgE and blocks binding to FcεRI |
|
|
What are the uses of Omalizumab?
|
Used in allergic asthma resistant to inhaled steroids and long-acting β2-agonists
|
|
|
What is the mechanism of Methacholine? Use?
|
- Muscarinic receptor AGONIST
- Used in bronchial provocation challenge to help diagnose asthma |
|
|
What drug can be used to treat pulmonary artery hypertension?
|
Bosentan
|
|
|
What is the mechanism of Bosentan? Use?
|
- Competitively antagonizes endothelin-1 receptors, which ↓ pulmonary vascular resistance
- Used to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension |
