Fa: Physio: Gastrointestinal

Front 1

if CCK is stimulated by fats and amino acids, what is its location and function

Back 1

Duodenum and jejunum, increase pancreatic and bile secretions and decreases gastric emptying (slows flow down to improved SI digestion), relaxes sphincter of oddi

Front 2

what syndrome is assocated with increase in gastrin

Back 2

zollinger ellison syndrome

Front 3

Secretin (from S cells) is stimulated by fatty acids and acid, where is it located and what is its function

Back 3

located in duodenum, increases HCO3- secretion and bile secretion, decrease gastric acid secretion

Front 4

what hormones will inhibit gastric acid secretion

Back 4

GIP, somatostatin, secretin, PGs

Front 5

what hormone increased to abnormal levels from the GI will cause copious diarrhea

Back 5

VIP (VIPoma)

Front 6

achalasia is related to what hormone

Back 6

NO (you cannot relax the esophagus)

Front 7

what cells release intrinsic factor

Back 7

parietal cells

Front 8

secretes alkaline mucus in duodenum and is the only duodenal submucosal

Back 8

brunner's glands

Front 9

what are the transporters of carbs out of the SI

Back 9

GLUT 5, SGLT 1, GLUT 2

Front 10

what vitamins are absorbed in duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

Back 10

respectively: Fe+2, folate, B12 (in that order)

Front 11

large mass in the neck

Back 11

Goiter

Front 12

young adult, women, related to eating habits and iodine use

Back 12

goiter

Front 13

what is the most common thyroid disease

Back 13

goiter

Front 14

what are the two types of goiter

Back 14

simple (diffuse) and mutinodular goiter

Front 15

how are the follicles changed in goiter

Back 15

they are huge (see pictures)

Front 16

what is the distinction between Graves disease and other hyperthyroid disease

Back 16

Graves disease has a hyperfunctional thyroid, the other disease have a leakage of a non-hyperfunctional thyroid causing the increase in hormones

Front 17

what is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism

Back 17

diffuse hyperplasia of thyroid (graves disease)

Front 18

what is the first organ to see the affects of hyperthyroidism

Back 18

the heart: tachy, palpitations, cadiomegaly

Front 19

case: Vietnam soldier was on a mission and continued to get palpitations, but the military docs didnt pay attention becaues he had ot finish the mission. months later, he as extreme exothalmus and the drs. finally recognized his disorder, but what was the consequence of waiting so long to get tx

Back 19

cardiomegaly --> heart problems

Front 20

caused by lithium use, TSH deficiency, autoimmune disease (hashimotos)

Back 20

hypOthyroidism (primary and secondary)

Front 21

TSH deficiency occurs when

Back 21

post partum necrosis, trauma, pit tumor

Front 22

cretinism

Back 22

hypothyroidism in infancy or early childhood

Front 23

impaired skeletal system and CNS, short stature, corase facial features, protuding tongue, wide set eyes

Back 23

cretinism

Front 24

myxedema

Back 24

hypothyroidism in older child or adult

Front 25

reduce CO, decrease SNS activity, skin cool and pale, deep voice, course hair, hair loass, mental sluggish

Back 25

myxedema

Front 26

severe pain or painless lateral neck

Back 26

thryroiditis (acute)

Front 27

inflammation of the thyroid

Back 27

thyroiditis

Front 28

pathogenesis of thryroditis

Back 28

cellular & humoral factors contribute
- but 1° is defect in function of thyroid specific suppressor T-cells  CD4 helper T cells directed at the thyroid & production of autoantibodies
- may be a genetic component – HLA – DR5 & DR3
b

Front 29

diffuse lymphocytic infiltrate with germinal centers in the thyroid

Back 29

hashimoto (thyroiditis)

Front 30

what increases your risk for B cell lymphoma

Back 30

thyroiditis

Front 31

granulomatous thyroiditis, diffuse

Back 31

DeQuervain thyroiditis (less common than Hashimoto)

Front 32

what is an example of a subacute thyroiditis

Back 32

Granulomatous thyroiditis (DeQuervain)

Front 33

pathogenesis of thyroiditis

Back 33

viral, Coxsackievirus, measles, mumps etc

Front 34

your pt presents with hyperthyroidism for a few weeks and then has hypothyroidism, what happened

Back 34

thyroiditis (increase function then it burns out)

Front 35

gland atrophy resulting in hypothyroidism, fibrosing process through the capsule, you cannot seem to palpate the gland

Back 35

Riedel Thyroiditis

Front 36

what are the 4 types of thyroid carcinomas

Back 36

papillary (85%), follicular (<15%), medullary, anaplastic

Front 37

Thyroglossal duct cyst
most common
a remnant of the tubular development of the thyroid
may present at any age – midline cyst or mass anterior to trachea
often significant lymphocyte infiltrate
rare transformation to ca

Back 37

congenital thyroid lesions

Front 38

what increase the release of PTH

Back 38

decrease in the blood free ionized Ca2+

Front 39

one of the most common endocrine disorder

Back 39

hyperparathyroidism

Front 40

what is the most common cause of hyperparathyroidism

Back 40

parathyroid adenoma

Front 41

high PTH (inappropriate to Ca 2+ levels), bone fractures, GI issues, depression, lethargy, renal issues,

Back 41

parathyroid adenoma

Front 42

test somes back with serum Ca 2+ very HIGH! what could this be

Back 42

parathyroid carcinoma

Front 43

what is the main cause of hypoparathyroidism (iatrogenic cause)

Back 43

surgery

Front 44

what is the common genetic cause of hypoparathyroidism

Back 44

DiGeorges

Front 45

Characteristic shortness of the 4th and 5th metacarpal bones
Characteristic of ***Albright hereditary osteodystrophy**** (p. 1189)
Short stature, obesity, mental retardation, subcutaneous calcification
Number of congenital anomalies of bone – esp. short metacarpals and metatarsals

Back 45

psuedohypoparathyroidism