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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the five objectives of FA according to Dept of State?
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Peace and security, investing in people, governing justly, economic growth, and humanitarian
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What does bilateral development assistance do?
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sustainable economic progress and social stability in ldcs. Usually administered through USAID, is long term, the largest category, and two initiatives are MCC and HIV/AIDS
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After the cold war what does US politics and security focus on?
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to stopping illicit narcotics, non-proliferation, terrorism.
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In 2007 what percentage of aid was tied?
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31%
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Describe some forms of aid?
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Food: 90% food expenditures spent in US, bilateral: services of experts, project managers, equipment, debt relief
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During the Bush admin. did FA go up or down?
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It was slashed by $4 billion and Bush did nothing to stop it despite publicly saying he would push for more Aid
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What were some problems with the MCC start up?
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Slow start, took a year to pass through legislation, a lot of negotiation between depts., problems with making it an independent agency, period of time without a director
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What are some of the conditions of giving FA sanctioned by law?
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hr problems, drug trafficking, terrorism, nuclear weapons, military coups, human trafficking
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What are some problems with the way MCA chooses countries?
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the data was quantitative and data isn't always available in some countries
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Whats some criteria to select countries?
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The income in lower middle income countries around $1575-3255 per capita, country's record of justice, economic freedom, submit planned proposals what to do with funds
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What are some problems with MCC infrastructure?
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Didn't have enough people, an assessment of critical skills needs, recruitment, needed to spread the word a little better to foreign countries
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Describe Alliance for Progress
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Created in 1962 with Kennedy, gave 5 billion over 10 years to LA countries, promote economic/social reformation, democracy, other countries contributed, didn't always go to the right people, sometimes to corrupt govt
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Camp David Accords
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1978: Carter, Begin, Sadat. Conferenced to support peace in ME -Egypt recognized Israel as a state
- Peace treaty separate from West Bank and Gaza -Usually largest aid recipients |
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Bush Aid Initiatives
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War on terror: transformational diplomacy, build and sustain democratic states, focus on failed states so they wouldnt fall to terrorists
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What are the components of a good theory?
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Falsifiable: can be made wrong
Generalizable: can apply to diff conditions Parsimonious |
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Describe Cigranelli and Pasquarello 1985
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Does HR practices of other countries influence US policy?
Theory: distribution of US aid should reflect HR concern Hypothesis: HR violators will get some but not as much aid Conclusion: HR matters in the GK stage This came up with the 2 stage model of gatekeeping and allocation |
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Foreign Policy
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Decisions of the government that is suppose to represent national interest outside of borders
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Substitutes
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Similar conditions that can cause diff outcomes
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Complements
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using multiple fp tools to accomplish same goals
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What is foreign policy used for?
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Change and maintenance. Stronger states want to produce change and weaker states want to maintain
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Why do we give FA?
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Political/Strategic: propping up allies (marshall plan)
Buying political support Public image and reputation |
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How do we measure this?
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Security: LA, threatening states in CW and now WOT
Ideology: Alignment, democracy, open market Ties to US: military presence, allies, UN votes |
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What are economic motivations to give FA?
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Increase US exports, ensure imports, stabalize trading partners,protect overseas investments
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Trade partners
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The level of trade with US increases the chances a country receives aid, the more imports to US the less they will receive
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Explain 2 covenants of Int'l Law
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Were formal treaties of states to adhere to force of law, the US ratifies it making us virtually unbound to the law.
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2006 UN HR Council
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Replaced an old committee that didnt do much, increased meetings per year and made new process to review HR.
-America was concerned about undue focus on Israel -US voted against -Obama put councilman on |
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Measuring for HR: CIRI Data
What is physical rights index? What is empowerment? |
-On a scale from (0-8) torture, disappearance, political imprisonment
-On a scale from (0-14) foreign movement, freedom of speech etc |
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Apodaca and Stohl
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1999; Military GK: HR violations reduce FA for Reagan and Bush
Econ GK: HR reduce for all but Clinton Military Alloc.: HR not related to how much they get Economic Alloc.: HR violations reduce aid |
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Give some points for a negative relationship where development decreases respect for HR
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Race to bottom, incentives for state to repress for stable conditions, structural adjustment, rapid development
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Rapid development
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Can lead to repression because the demands for redistribution can cause instability
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Points for + relationship
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development improves Q of life, stronger states protect citizens, more societal groups to influence politics,
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Krueger and Poe
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1998, democracy is positive and significant to aid for both time periods in both stages
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Anocracies
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Countries with both democratic and autocratic qualities.
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Measuring Democracy
Linear Murder in the Middle Threshold Effect |
Linear: democracy increases as HR increases
MIM: mixed regime, threat of repression isn't enough TE: necessary but insufficient conditions so certain matters are made worse |
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Why does the president usually increase the FA budget but congress doesn't?
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Prez needs it to carry put FA while congress doesn't. Congressmen adhere to own agenda and constituents.
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What are some strengths of fragmentation?
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Brings diversity to how US aid is delivered/used, one agency may be more appropriate than another, expands ownership
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Weaknesses
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Danger of overlap: less effective, higher admin. and transaction costs, more diff to find info and manage
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Domestic Factors that impact FA
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Size of budget deficit, state of economy, levels of domestic spending
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Int'l Factors
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war on terror, crisis
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Selectorate
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the group of people who have a say in selecting the leader
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Winning coalition
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the subset of selectorate members whose support the leader needs to stay in office
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sw
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a small selectorate and small winning coalition means that the leader only needs a small fraction of selectorate to stay in power
-monarchies and military gov't |
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sW
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not possible because the winning coalition must be a subgroup of the selectorate
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SW
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modern democracy, most of the population is eligible to choose a leader. The leader needs the support of large fraction of selectorate, about 1/2 to retain power
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Sw
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Describes rigged election autocracies like dictatorships and communist gov't. Large selectorate yet only small coalition to win
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Disenfranchised
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those not part of selectorate
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When does aid happen?
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Only when both A and B benefit. B needs to concede and implement and A tries to give smallest amount possible
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The donors are most likely...
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Democracies with wealth and resources
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Which kind of gov't is more likely to receive?
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Those with small w, autocracies. Because then democracies can give less aid to benefit the small w. Private goods.
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Salient concession
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A gives more and B concedes more. likely to be between two democracies. Like the Camp David Peace accords.
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When would the US give to democracies?
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When it is highly salient or economic growth is the goal. Once democracies get aid they get more because they need to give more in terms of public goods
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What are the implications for development?
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Political reforms precede economic growth
- To alleviate poverty the w needs to be W |
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Indirect Approach
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Promote democracy through promoting development, democracy will emerge once certain development level is met
-This has pretty much failed |
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Incentive Approach
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Top down: leverage aid to persuade leaders to implement reforms
-Only works when aid is conditional, benefits withheld until recipients meet certain benchmarks -MCA has some promise |
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Why may aid not work?
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-It could make up a small amount in comparison to other sources
- May produce policy only in less strategic countries -Conditionality not enforced -US usually renews aid unless HUGE backslide |
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Assistance Approach
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-Trying to balance the power away from executive branch and make legislative/judicial more independent
-This doesn't really work because of patronage |
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Bottom Up
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Election assistance: preventing election fraud.
-Civil Society; labor organizations, political parties, NGOs -Most successful |
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Hickenlooper Amendment
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1962: Cuts aid to countries that expropriate US property without due compensation
-Hasn't been implemented v much -IN cases like oil, countries would prolly not be getting v much aid anyway so expropriating oil would be more beneficial to them -US only really reacts when some other interests are at stake |
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OPIC
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risk insurance to corporations across seas
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Which two people wanted to see the US FA program abolished?
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Jesse Helms and Ron Paul
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Which agency retained independence in the 1997 compromise to fold some agencies into the State Dept?
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USAID
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Which secretary of state created the position of Director of FA?
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Condoleeza Rice
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Who warned about using development aid as a stick/?
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Jeffery Sachs
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Unitary Actor
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Assumption that denies the internal factors and groups of a nation. Understands the state as one entity with one basic goal
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