Fa: Microbiology - Basic Bacteriology - 2

Front 1

What are the requirements of Obligate Aerobes?

Back 1

Use an O2-dependent system to generate ATP

Front 2

Which kind of bacteria use an O2-dependent system to generate ATP?

Back 2

Obligate Aerobes: Nagging Pests Must Breathe
- Nocardia
- Pseudomonas
- MycoBacterium tuberculosis

Front 3

What is the relationship of Pseudomonas to O2? Where does it infect?

Back 3

P. aeruginosa is an obligate aerobe seen in burn wounds, complications of diabetes, nosocomial pneumonia, and pneumonias in cystic fibrosis patients

Front 4

What is the relationship of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to O2? Where does it infect?

Back 4

Obligate Aerobe
- Reactivation has a predilection for the apices of the lung (which have the highest PO2)
- Reactivation may occur after immune compromise or TNF-α inhibitor use

Front 5

What are the requirements of Obligate Anaerobes?

Back 5

Anaerobes Can't Breathe Air

Front 6

Which kind of bacteria can not be exposed to oxygen? Where are they found?

Back 6

Obligate Anaerobes: Can't Breathe Air
- Clostridium
- Bacteroides
- Actinomyces

Anaerobes are normal flora in the GI tract, pathogenic elsewhere

Front 7

What are the characteristics of Clostridium, Bacteroides, and Actinomyces?

Back 7

Obligate Anaerobes
- Lack catalase and/or superoxide dismutase and thus are susceptible to oxidative damage
- Generally foul smelling (short-chain FAs)
- Difficult to culture
- Produce gas in tissue (CO2 and H2)
- Normally found in GI tract, pathogenic elsewhere

Front 8

Which antibiotics are ineffective against Obligate Anaerobes? Why?

Back 8

AminO2glycosides:
- Ineffective against anaerobes because these antibiotics require O2 to enter into bacterial cell
- Obligate Anaerobes only are grow in areas without O2

Front 9

What are the obligate intracellular bugs?

Back 9

Stay inside (cells) when it is Really Cold:
- Rickettsia
- Chlamydia

Front 10

What are the facultative intracellular bugs?

Back 10

Some Nasty Bugs May Live FacultativeLY
- Salmonella
- Neisseria
- Brucella
- Mycobacterium
- Listeria
- Francisella
- Legionalla
- Yersinia pestis

Front 11

What are the encapsulated bacteria?

Back 11

SHiNE SKiS
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Haemophilis Influenzae type B
- Neisseria meningitidis
- Escherichia coli
- Salmonella
- Klebsiella pneumoniae
- Strep group B

Front 12

What is the function of the capsule on:
SHiNE SKiS
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Haemophilis Influenzae type B
- Neisseria meningitidis
- Escherichia coli
- Salmonella
- Klebsiella pneumoniae
- Strep group B

Back 12

- Capsules act as an anti-phagocytic virulence factor
- Capsule + protein conjugate serves as an antigen in vaccines

Front 13

How do hosts clear encapsulated bacteria?

Back 13

- Opsonize bacteria and then cleared by spleen
- Asplenics have decreased opsonizing ability and are at risk for severe infections (give S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, and N. meningitidis vaccines)

Front 14

What vaccines should asplenics get in particular? Why?

Back 14

- Asplenics have decreased opsonizing ability and are at risk for severe infections (give S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, and N. meningitidis vaccines = encapsulated bacteria)
- Opsonization and clearance by spleen is the method of hosts to remove encapsulated bacteria

Front 15

What are the Catalase-Positive organisms?

Back 15

You need PLACESS for your CATs
- Pseudomonas
- Listeria
- Aspergillus
- Candida
- E. coli
- S. aureus
- Serratia

Front 16

What is the action of catalase?

Back 16

Degrades H2O2 before it can be converted to microbicidal products by the enzyme myeloperoxidase (protective mechanism)

Front 17

What is wrong with patients with chronic granulomatous disease?

Back 17

They have a deficiency of NADPH oxidase
- This enzyme generates superoxide for neutrophils to fight infection

These patients are at increased susceptibility to recurrent infections with Catalase (+) organisms because this enzyme degrades H2O2 (another ROS)

Front 18

What vaccines are available for encapsulated bacteria?

Back 18

Pneumococcal vaccines:
- PCV: Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine
- PPSV: Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine with no conjugated protein

H. Influenzae type B (conjugate vaccine)

Meningococcal vaccine (conjugate vaccine)

Front 19

What are the characteristics of vaccines made for encapsulated bacteria (Pneumococcal, H. influenzae type B, Meningococcal)?

Back 19

Some vaccines containing polysaccharide capsule antigens are conjugated to a carrier protein, enhancing immunogenicity by promoting T-cell activation and subsequent class switching

Front 20

What are the urease positive bugs?

Back 20

CHuck norris hates PUNKSS
- Cryptococcus
- H. pylori
- Proteus
- Ureaplasma
- Nocardia
- Klebsiella
- S. epidermidis
- S. saprophyticus

Front 21

What are the pigment producing bacteria?

Back 21

- Actinomyces israelii = yellow granules
- S. aureus = yellow pigment
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa = blue-green pigment
- Serratia marcescens = red pigment

Front 22

Which bacteria makes yellow "sulfur" granules, composed of filaments of bacteria?

Back 22

Actinomyces israelii
(Israel has yellow sand)

Front 23

Which bacteria makes yellow pigment?

Back 23

S. aureus
(aureus = gold in Latin)

Front 24

Which bacteria makes blue-green pigment?

Back 24

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
(Aerugula is green)

Front 25

Which bacteria makes a red pigment?

Back 25

Serratia marcescens
(think red maraschino cherries)

Front 26

What is the function of bacterial virulence factors? Examples?

Back 26

Promotes evasion of host immune response
- Protein A
- IgA Protease
- M Protein

Front 27

What is the function of "Protein A"? Which bacteria express(es) this?

Back 27

Bacterial virulence factor
- Binds Fc region of IgG
- Prevents opsonization and phagocytosis
- Expressed by S. aureus

Front 28

What is the function of "IgA Protease"? Which bacteria expresses this?

Back 28

Bacterial virulence factor
- Enzyme that cleaves IgA
- Secreted by S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae type B, and Nesseria (SHiN) in order to colonize the respiratory mucosa

Front 29

What is the function of "M Protein"? Which bacteria expresses this?

Back 29

Bacterial virulence factor
- Helps prevent phagocytosis
- Expressed by group A streptococci

Front 30

Which bacterial virulence factor helps prevent phagocytosis of group A streptococci?

Back 30

M protein

Front 31

Which bacterial virulence factor helps prevent opsonization and phagocytosis of S. aureus by binding the Fc region of IgG?

Back 31

Protein A

Front 32

Which bacterial virulence factor cleaves IgA? Which bacteria have this virulence factor?

Back 32

IgA Protease
- Secreted by S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae type B, and Nesseria (SHiN) in order to colonize the respiratory mucosa