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127 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the term for the factors whose serum concentration changes significantly in response to inflammation? |
Acute Phase Reactants |
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Where are Acute Phase Reactants produced? When? |
Produced in liver in both acute and chronic inflammatory states |
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What induces Acute Phase Reactants? |
- IL-6 |
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What are the positive (up-regulated) Acute Phase Reactants? |
- Serum Amyloid A |
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What are the negative (down-regulated) Acute Phase Reactants? |
- Albumin |
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What are the potential implications of up-regulated Serum Amyloid A during inflammation? |
Prolonged elevation can lead to amyloidosis |
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What are the actions of C-Reactive Protein? |
Opsonin - fixes complement and facilitates phagocytosis |
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What is a clinical measure of ongoing inflammation? |
C-Reactive Protein (Acute Phase Reactant) |
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What are the actions of Ferritin? |
Binds and sequesters iron to inhibit microbial iron scavenging (Acute Phase Reactant) |
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What are the actions of Fibrinogen? |
Coagulation factor - promotes endothelial repair |
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What acute phase reactant correlates with the Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)? |
Fibrinogen |
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What are the actions of Hepcidin? |
Prevents release of iron bound by ferritin → anemia of chronic disease |
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What happens to Albumin during inflammation? Why? |
Albumin is down-regulated → reduction conserves amino acids for positive Acute Phase Reactants |
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What happens to Transferrin during inflammation? Why? |
Internalized by macrophages to sequester iron → down-regulated acute phase reactant |
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Which acute phase reactant fixes complement and facilitates phagocytosis? |
C-Reactive Protein (Acute Phase Reactant) |
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Which acute phase reactant binds and sequesters iron to inhibit microbial iron scavenging? |
Ferritin (Acute Phase Reactant) |
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Which acute phase reactant is a coagulation factor that promotes endothelial repair? |
Fibrinogen (Acute Phase Reactant) |
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Which acute phase reactant prevents release of iron bound by ferritin? |
Hepcidin (Acute Phase Reactant) |
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What is the system of interacting plasma proteins that play a role in innate immunity and inflammation? |
Complement |
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What component of complement defends against gram negative bacteria? |
MAC complex (membrane attack complex) |
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What mediates/activates the classic pathway of complement? |
IgG or IgM (GM makes classic cars) |
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What mediates/activates the alternative pathway of complement? |
Microbe surface molecules |
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What mediates/activates the lectin pathway of complement? |
Mannose or other sugars on the microbe surface |
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Which complement pathway is activated by IgG and IgM? |
Classic pathway (GM makes classic cars) |
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Which complement pathway is activated by microbe surface molecules? |
Alternative pathway |
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Which complement pathway is activated by mannose or other sugars on microbe surface? |
Lectin pathway |
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What are the types of complement? |
- C3b |
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What is the function of C3b? |
Opsonization (C3b binds bacteria) |
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What is the function of C3a? |
Anaphylaxis |
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What is the function of C4a? |
Anaphylaxis |
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What is the function of C5a? |
Anaphylaxis & neutrophil chemotaxis |
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What is the function of C5b-9? |
Cytolysis by membrane attack complex (MAC) |
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Which components of complement are involved in opsonization? |
C3b (C3b binds bacteria) |
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Which components of complement are involved in anaphylaxis? |
C3a, C4a, C5a |
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Which components of complement are involved in neutrophil chemotaxis? |
C5a |
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Which components of complement are involved in cytolysis by membrane attack complex (MAC)? |
C5b-9 |
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What are the two primary opsonins in bacterial defense? |
C3b and IgG |
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What piece of complement helps clear immune complexes? |
C3b |
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What helps prevent complement activation on self cells (eg, RBCs)? |
Decay-Accelerating Factor (DAF, aka CD55) and C1 esterase inhibitor |
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What is the action of Decay Accelerating Factor (DAF)? Other name? |
AKA CD55 |
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What is the action of C1 esterase inhibitor? |
Helps prevent complement activation on self cells (eg, RBCs) |
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What are the implications of a C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency? |
Causes hereditary angioedema, ACE inhibitors are contraindicated |
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What are the implications of a C3 deficiency? |
- ↑ Risk of severe, recurrent, pyogenic sinus and respiratory tract infections |
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What are the implications of a C5-C9 deficiency? |
Increases susceptibility to Neisseria bacteremia |
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What are the implications of a DAF (GPI anchored enzyme) deficiency? |
Causes complement mediated lysis of RBCs and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria |
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What causes hereditary angioedema? What is contraindicated in these patients? |
C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency |
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What increases the risk of severe, recurrent pyogenic sinus and respiratory tract infections? |
C3 deficiency |
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What increases the susceptibility to type III hypersensitivity reactions? |
C3 deficiency |
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What increases the susceptibility to recurrent Neisseria bacteremia? |
C5-C9 deficiencies |
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What causes complement mediated lysis of RBCs and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria? |
DAF (GPI anchored enzyme) deficiency |
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What are the important cytokines secreted by macrophages? |
- IL-1 |
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What are the important cytokines secreted by all T cells? |
- IL-2 |
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What are the important cytokines secreted by Th1 cells? |
- IFN-γ |
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What are the important cytokines secreted by Th2 cells? |
- IL-4 |
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What are the important cytokines secreted by B cells? |
IL-12 |
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What are the important cytokines secreted by Regulatory T cells? |
IL-10 |
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How can you remember the functions of the first six interleukins? |
Hot T-Bone stEAK: |
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Which cytokines are endogenous pyrogens (causing a fever)? Source? |
Macrophages: |
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What are the functions of IL-1? Source? |
Macrophage: |
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What are the functions of IL-2? Source? |
All T cells: |
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What are the functions of IL-3? Source? |
All T cells: |
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What cytokine has a similar function as GM-CSF? Effect? |
IL-3: Supports the growth and differentiation of BONE marrow stem cells |
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What are the functions of IL-4? Source? |
From Th2 cells: |
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What are the functions of IL-5? Source? |
From Th2 cells: |
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What are the functions of IL-6? Source? |
Secreted by macrophages and Th2 cells |
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What are the functions of IL-8? Source? |
Secreted by macrophages: |
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What are the functions of IL-10? Source? |
From Th2 cells and Regulatory T cells |
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What are the functions of IL-12? Source? |
Secreted by macrophages and B cells |
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What are the functions of TNF-α? Source? |
Secreted by macrophages |
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What are the functions of IFN-γ? Source? |
From Th1 cells: |
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Which cytokines activate NK cells? |
- IL-12 |
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Which cytokine mediates septic shock? |
TNF-α |
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Which cytokine is chemotactic for neutrophils? |
IL-8 (clean up on aisle 8 by neutrophils) |
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Which cytokine increases MHC expression and antigen presentation in all cells? |
IFN-γ |
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Which cytokine enhances class switching to IgE? |
IL-4 |
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Which cytokine enhances class switching to IgG? |
IL-4 |
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Which cytokine enhances class switching to IgA? |
IL-5 |
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Which cytokine stimulates the growth and differentiation of eosinophils? |
IL-5 |
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Which cytokine has a similar action to IL-10? How? |
TGF-β and IL-10 both are involved in inhibiting inflammation |
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What molecules are part of the innate host defense against both RNA and DNA viruses? |
Interferon α and β |
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What are Interferon α and β? Function? |
- Glycoproteins synthesized by viral-infected cells that act locally on uninfected cells |
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What happens when a virus infects "primed" cells (by Interferon α and β)? |
Viral dsRNA activates: |
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What is the ultimate effect of Interferon α and β on viral infected host cells? |
Results in apoptosis, thereby interrupting viral amplification |
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What cell surface protein do all cells except mature RBCs have? |
MHC 1 |
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What cell surface protein do all T cells express? |
- TCR |
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What is the function of the TCR? What cells express this? |
Binds antigen-MHC complex |
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What is the function of the CD3? What cells express this? |
Associated with TCR for signal transduction |
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What is the function of the CD28? What cells express this? |
Binds B7 on APC |
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What cell surface proteins do Helper T cells express? |
All T cells: TCR, CD3, CD28 |
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What cell surface proteins do Cytotoxic T cells express? |
All T cells: TCR, CD3, CD28 |
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What cell surface proteins do B cells express? |
- Ig (binds antigen) |
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What is the receptor for Ebstein Barr Virus? |
You can drink Beer at the Bar when you're 21: B cells, Epstein-Barr virus (CD21) |
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What cell surface proteins do macrophages express? |
- CD14 |
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What is the function of Fc and C3b receptors on macrophages? |
Enhances phagocytosis |
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What cell surface proteins do NK cells express? |
- CD 16 (binds Fc of IgG) |
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What is the function of CD16? What is it a marker for? |
- Binds Fc region of IgG |
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What is the term for when self-reactive T cells become non-reactive without a co-stimulatory molecule? |
Anergy |
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How does T cell anergy compare to B cell anergy? |
B cells also become anergic, but tolerance is less complete than in T cells |
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What causes anergy? |
Self-reactive T cells become non-reactive without co-stimulatory molecule |
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What bugs have super-antigens? |
- S. pyogenes |
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What is the mechanism of the superantigens from S. pyogenes and S. aureus? |
- Cross-link the β region of the T-cell receptor to the MHC class II on APCs |
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What is the mechanism by which endotoxins / lipopolysaccharide (on G- bacteria) stimulate an immune response? |
Directly stimulate macrophages by binding to endotoxin receptor CD14 |
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What is the function of CD14? Source? |
Endotoxin receptor found on Macrophages - binds to endotoxins / lipopolysaccharide on G- bacteria - direct stimulation |
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What are some mechanisms for antigenic variation? |
- DNA rearrangement |
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What are examples of bacteria with antigenic variation? |
- Salmonella: 2 flagellar variants |
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What are examples of viruses with antigenic variation? |
Influenza |
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What are examples of parasites with antigenic variation? |
Trypanosomes |
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What are the means of acquiring passive vs active immunity? |
- Passive: receiving preformed antibodies |
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What is the relative onset of passive vs active immunity? |
- Passive: rapid |
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What is the relative duration of passive vs active immunity? |
- Passive: short span of antibodies (half-life = 3 weeks) |
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What are examples of passive immunity? |
- IgA in breast milk |
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What are examples of active immunity? |
- Natural infection |
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After exposure to what bugs do you need to be given preformed antibodies (passive immunity)? |
- Tetanus toxin |
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After exposure to what bugs can you combine passive and active immunizations? |
- Hepatitis B (HBV) |
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What immunoglobulin is passed in breast milk? |
IgA |
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What immunoglobulin crosses the placenta? |
IgG |
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What is the purpose of vaccinations? |
Used to induce an active immune response (humoral and/or cellular) to specific pathogens |
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What are the types of vaccines? |
- Live Attenuated Vaccine |
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What happens to make a live attenuated vaccine? What response does it cause in the host? |
- Microorganism loses its pathogenicity but retains capacity for transient growth within an inoculated host |
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What happens to make an inactivated or killed vaccine? What response does it cause in the host? |
- Pathogen is inactivated by heat or chemicals |
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What are the pros of a live attenuated vaccine? |
Induces strong, often lifelong immunity |
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What are the cons of a live attenuated vaccine? |
- May revert to virulent form |
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What are the types of live attenuated vaccines? |
- Measles |
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What are the pros of an inactivated or killed vaccine? |
Stable and safer than live vaccines |
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What are the cons of an inactivated or killed vaccine? |
- Weaker immune response |
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What are the types of inactivated or killed vaccines? |
- Cholera |
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What happens in a type I hypersensitivity reaction? |
- Anaphylactic and atopic |
