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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the three functions of the spine?
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1. Stability
2. Mobility 3. Protection |
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How many degrees of freedom does the spine have?
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Six
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What are the three bony components of the sternum?
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1. Manubrium
2. Body 3. Xiphoid process |
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What are the bony features of the manubrium?
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The jugular notch and clavicular and costal facets
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What are the two joints of the sternum?
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The manubriosternal and xiphisternal
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How many ribs are in the human body?
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12
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What ribs are attached?
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1-10
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What ribs are true? What ribs are false?
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True ribs: 1-7
False ribs: 8-10 |
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What ribs are floating ribs?
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11-12
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What are the common features of each rib?
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Head, neck, articular tubercle, angle, body and costal groove
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What is the function of the sacrum?
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It transmits forces between the axial skeleton and lower extremities
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When do the vertebra in the sacrum fuse?
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In adults
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how many fused vertebra are present in the sacrum?
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4
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What structure is located in the sacrococcygeal joint?
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A fibrocartilagenous disc
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What structures are part of a motion segment?
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1. Superior vertebrae
2. Intervertebral disc 3. Inferior vertebrae 4. Facet joint |
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What structure exits through the intervertebral foramen?
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Spinal nerve
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What is an end plate?
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A thickening of the hyaline cartilage in the center of an epiphyseal plate
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What is the purpose of an end plate?
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It supports the disc
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how does a disc receive nutrients?
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Diffusion
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What is a 'ring aphophysis'?
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Where the outer annulus of a disc fuses with the vertebral body
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Inner annular fibers fuse to what part of the end plate?
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The fibrocartilage surface
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What percentage of the IVD is fluid at birth?
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88%
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What percentage of the IVD is fluid at age 77?
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65%
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What percentage of the nucleus pulposis is water?
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70-90%
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The nucleus pulposis exerts a pre-load on what structure?
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The annulus
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What direction does the nucleus pulposis deform in?
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All directions
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What type of collagen is found in the nucleus pulposis?
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Type II
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Type II collagen resists what types of forces?
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Compressive forces
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How are the sheets of lamellae arranged in the annulus of a disc?
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With concentric rings in alternating directions
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What type of collagen is found in the annulus?
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Type I
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Type I collagen resists what types of forces?
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Tensile forces
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The nucleus pulposis transfers load to what structure?
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The annulus
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The annulus transfers load to what structure?
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The vertebral endplates
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The vertebral endplates transfer load to what structure?
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The nucleus pulposis
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What are three functions of facet joints?
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1. Guide motion
2. Limit anterior sheer and torsion 3. Load bearing |
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What is the superior contribution of a facet joint called?
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Inferior articular process
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What is the inferior contribution of a facet joint called?
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Superior articular process
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What type of joint is a facet joint?
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Synovial joint with extra ligamentous support from ligamentum flavum and multifidus
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Does a facet joint have lots or very little innervation?
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Lots of innervation
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What is the disc in a facet joint called?
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Fibroadipose meniscoid
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What are the primary curves of the spine?
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Thoracic and sacral kyphoses
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What are the secondary curves of the spine?
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Cervical and lumbar lordoses
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What are the three sets of transitional vertebrae?
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C7/T1
T12/L1 L5/S1 |
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Flexion/extension of the spine occurs in what plane?
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Sagittal plane
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Sidebending of the spine occurs in what plane?
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Frontal plane
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Axial rotation of the spine occurs in what plane?
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Transverse plane
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Is the joint capsule of facet joints loose or tight?
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Loose to allow motion, but is strong
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The joint capsule of facet joints limits the extremes of all motions except what?
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Extension
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The facet joint capsule is reinforced by what structures?
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The multifidi and ligamentum flavum
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What ligament is stronger, the ALL or the PLL?
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The ALL
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What is the function of the ALL?
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Stabilizes anterior aspect of the spine, limits spine extension and stabilizes disc
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Where does the ALL run?
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The entire length of the spine from skull to sacrum
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What is the function of the PLL?
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To stabilize the posterior spine, limit flexion and stabilize the disc
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Where does the PLL run?
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The entire length of the spine from C2 to sacrum
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Where is the PLL narrowed and what does the narrowing cause?
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In the lumbar spine, decreases support there
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The PLL has a strong attachment to what structure?
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The disc
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What is the function of the ligamentum flavum?
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To limit flexion and minimize disc compression
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Where does the ligamentum flavum run?
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Between the lamina on both sides, ventral to the facets
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Where is the ligamentum flavum thickest?
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In the lumbar spine
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Where is the interspinous ligament found and what is its function?
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Between spinous processes, resists flexion
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Where is the intertransverse ligament and what is its function?
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Connects adjacent transverse processes, limits contralateral side-bending
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Where is the supraspinous ligament and what is its function?
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On top of spinous processes C7-sacrum; limits flexion, attaches to muscle, moment arm for resisting motion
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Where is the ligamentum nuchae located?
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On top of spinous processes C7-skull
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How does ligamentous creep occur?
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Sustained loads cause increased length in the ligament
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What structures limit flexion of the spine?
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1. Ligamentum nuchae
2. Interspinous lig. 3. Supraspinous lig. 4. Facet capsule 5. PLL 6. Posterior annulus fibers |
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What structures limit extension of the spine?
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1. Anterior annulus
2. ALL 3. Facet approximation |
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What structures limit side-bending of the spine?
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1. Intertransverse lig.
2. Annulus 3. Facet capsule 4. Ribs in thoracic spine |
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What structures limit rotation of the spine?
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1. Annulus
2. Facet capsule 3. Ribcage in thoracic spine |
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What muscles constitute the superficial layer of spine muscles?
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Traps
Serratus anterior Levator scapulae Rhomboids Latissimus dorsi |
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The superficial layer of spine muscles tend to cause what motions on the spine and work when?
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They tend to be extensors and rotators and work when the upper extremity is fixed
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What muscles make up the intermediate layer of the spine and what do they do?
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Serratus posterior, superior and inferior; work more in ventilation than spine motion
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What groups make up the deep layer of muscles of the spine?
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Erector spinae group, transversospinal group and short segmental group
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What muscles make up the erector spinae group and what is their function?
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Iliocostalis, longissimus, and spinalis; they are the prime movers of the trunk
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What muscles make up the transversospinal group and what is their function?
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Semispinalis, multifidi and rotatores; they function in proprioception and segmental positioning
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What are the three sections of the semispinalis muscle and how long are they?
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Thoracis, cervicis, capitis; 6-8 segments each
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How long are the multifidi muscles?
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2-4 segments each
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What are the two sections of rotatores and how long are they?
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Brevis, longus; 1-2 segments each
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What muscles make up the transversospinal (short segmental) group?
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Interspinalis and intertransversarus
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What innervates the muscles of the deep spine muscle groups?
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Dorsal rami of adjacent spinal nerve for all but intertransversarus
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A long force vector for a deep spinal muscle indicates that its function is what?
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Prime mover muscle, as opposed to a positioning muscle
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What are the four abdominal muscles?
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1. Rectus abdominis
2. External oblique 3. Internal oblique 4. Transverse abdominis |
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What are the lumbopelvic muscles and what is their function?
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Quadratus lumborum-stabilizes spine, psoas major-hip flexor
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What is the function of posterior occipital muscles?
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Proprioception and control of the head on neck and C0-2 posture
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