Fa For The Basic Sciences: Embryology/ Anatomy

Front 1

Stages of Prenatal Development:
1. What process occurs in human prenatal development?
2. What is the evolution of that process?

Back 1

1. A single cell develops into an organism.
2. Cell proliferation, migration and differentiation.

Front 2

Stages of Prenatal Development:
What are the 3 stages of the development and it's time frame?

Back 2

1. Germinal stage (week 0-2)
2. Embryonic stage (week 3-8)
3. Fetal stage (week 9-birth)

Front 3

Stages of Prenatal Development
1.What processes occur in Germinal stage?
2. Embryonic stage
3. Fetal stage

Back 3

1. Germinal stage: a)Zygote formation b) cell division c) Zygote attachment to uterine wall
2. Embryonic stage: a)Organ formation b) teratogen sensitivity
3. Fetal stage: a) Rapid fetal growth b) Organ sex formation c) Organ systems function.

Front 4

Embryology Vocabulary:
1.Atresia
2.Blast
3.Coelom
4.Ecto
5.Endo
6.Meso
7.Cephalic
8. Dorsal
9 Ventral
10.Fistula
11.Mesenchyme

Back 4

1. Blind pouch
2. Precursor cells
3. cavity
4. Outer
5. Inner
6. Middle
7. Head, Upper part
8. Back, top side
9. Front, bottom side
10. Abnormal connection
11. Any loosely organized tissue of fibroblast like cells and extracellular matrix (regardless of the origin of the cells)

Front 5

Embryology Vocabulary:
12. Epi
13. Hypo
14. Extraembryonic
15. Intraembryonic
16. Gastrulation
17. Neurulation
18. Cranial
19. Caudal
20. Splanchnic
21. Somatic

Back 5

12. Above
13.Below
14. Outside the embryonic body
15. Inside the embryonic body
16. Formation of the 3 germ layers
17. Formation of neural tube
18. Skull, head part, Anterior
19. Tail, hind part, Posterior
20. Belonging to the internal organ as opposed as the body's framework.
21. Belonging to the body's framework.

Front 6

GAMETOGENESIS
What 3 sequence of events occur during gametogenesis prior to fertilization?

Back 6

1. DNA replication
2. Meiosis 1:
A)synapsis
B)cross over
C)cell divison, cell alignment, disjunction without centromere splitting.
3. Meiosis II:
-cell divison, cell alignment, disjunction WITH centromere splitting.

Front 7

GAMETOGENESIS
1. What are the cells that undergo DNA replication?
2. What are the cells that undergo meiosis 1?
3. What are the cells that undergo meiosis II?
4. What are the cells that result?

Back 7

1. One Germ cells (gonias) 46, 2n
2. One 1ry cytes 46, 4n
3. Two 2 ry cytes 23, 2n
4. Four gametes 23,n

Front 8

GAMETOGENESIS
Regarding disjunction, what disease is due to failure of seperation of female gametes?

Back 8

Down syndrome: trisomy 21 is caused by nondisjunction

Front 9

GAMETOGENESIS
1.When do primordial germ cells (both male and female) arrive in indifferentiated gonad?
2.What occurs to those germs cells in male and female during embryonic stage?
3.What occurs to those germs cells in male and female during feta stage?
4. What occurs at puberty?

Back 9

1.At week 4 of human development
2. In male the germ cells remain dormant till puberty
In female they differetiate into Oogonias.
3. Male germ cells remain dormant still
Female oogonias become 1 ry oocytes @ month 5 and remain until puberty.
4. At puberty: male germ cells go trough spermatogenesis
Female 1 ry oocytes conyinue meiosis 1 and the cycle continues.

Front 10

GAMETOGENESIS
Spermatogenesis:
1. Where do primordial sperm cells differentiate into Spermatogonias at puberty?
2. What type spermatogonia is formed? location and function?

Back 10

1. Seminiferous tubules
2. Spermatogonias type A:
-located in basal compartment of seminiferous tubules
-Stem cell population and progenitor of type B spermatogonias.

Front 11

GAMETOGENESIS
Spermatogenesis:
1.How are type B spermatogonias replenished?
2.When do type B spermatogonias mature?
3.What are the results of spermatogenesis?

Back 11

1. They are continuously replenished by resident stem cells.
2.They mature as they move toward the testicular lumen.
3.Type B spermatogonias go through DNA replication--> 1ry spermatocytes (46, 4n)----> meiosis 1--> 2ry spermatocytes (23,2n) --> meiosis 2--> spermatids(23,n)

Front 12

GAMETOGENESIS
Spermiogenesis
4. What do spermatids go through to form spermatozoas?
5. What are those changes?
6.How is the cytoplasm reduced?
7.How is the acrosome formed?

Back 12

4. Morphological changes
5.Cytoplasm reduction, nuclear condensation, flagelum formation and acrosome formation.
6. It's discarded and phagocytosed by sertoli cells
7.the reunion of lysosomal enzymes packed into a cap for penetration the the oocyte's zona pellucida.

Front 13

GAMETOGENESIS
Spermiogenesis
8.What are the components of the mature spermatozoa?
9 Where does each component arise from?

Back 13

8. It has a head, a neck and a tail with 3 parts:proximal, distal and terminal.
9. The acrosome at the head come sfrom golgi apparatus, the neck from centriole and the tail from mitochondrias.

Front 14

GAMETOGENESIS
Spermiogenesis
10. What are the structures of the head?
11.What are the structures of the neck?
12.What are the structures of the tail?
- proximal part?
-distal part?
-terminal part?

Back 14

10. Nucleus covered by an acrosome and cell membrane
11.two centrioles
12. Axoneme (central pair of microtubules) surrounded by 9 doublets (9X2 +2)
- proximal: axoneme +inner layer of dense fibers + outer layer of tightly packed mitochondria.
- distal part: axoneme +dense fibers + outer fibrous sheath.
- Terminal part: only axoneme.

Front 15

GAMETOGENESIS
Spermiogenesis
13. Where are the spermatozoas released from?
14. Where are they released to?
15. Where do they travel to?
16. What occurs to spermatozoas in the epididymis?

Back 15

13. Released from sertoli cells
14. released to lumen of seminiferous tubules.
15.Seminiferous tubules---rete testis--efferent ductules--epididymis.
16. They mature some more and become motile.

Front 16

GAMETOGENESIS
Oogenesis
1.Are oogonias replenished?
2.Before puberty occurs what happens during oogenesis?
3. What is the 1ry oocyte envelopped?
4. How many primordial follicles are formed before birth?

Back 16

1. Oogonias are not replenished by resident stem cells.
2. oogonias (46, 2n) go trough DNA replication--> 1ry oocytes (46, 4n)---> meiosis I and stops at prophase until puberty occurs.
3. 1 ry oocyte is envelopped by a single layer epithelium forming primordial follicle.
4. 400,000

Front 17

GAMETOGENESIS
Oogenesis
5. What occurs at puberty (and at each ovarian cycle)?
6. What are the portion of the graffian follicle?

Back 17

5. Primordial follicles mature but only one is released to form the primary follicle--> secondary follicle---> graffian follicle with the same dormant 1ry oocyte.
6. Theca externa, theca interna, stratum granulosum, antrum and 1ry oocyte.

Front 18

GAMETOGENESIS
Oogenesis
7. What occurs upon maturation of graffian follicle?
(4 steps)

Back 18

7. step 1:1ry oocytes finishes meiosis 1 and forms 2ry oocytes.
step 2: 2ry oocyte +stratum granulosum is expulsed from follicle out of ovary
Step 3: ovulation occurs.
Step 4: 2ry oocyte starts meiosis II and graffian follicle becomes corpus luteum.

Front 19

GAMETOGENESIS
Oogenesis
8. What is the 2ry oocyte surrounded by?
9. Where does meiosis II stop?
10 What occurs if 2ry oocyte is fertilized?
11. What occurs if not?

Back 19

8. It's surrounded by zona pellucida and corona radiada.
9. At metaphase.
10 if fertilized, meiosis II continues--> ootid (23,n)--->union of ootid and spermatid--->zygote.
11. If there is no fertilization, 2ry oocyte is degraded.

Front 20

GAMETOGENESIS
Oogenesis
12. What is the time for fertilization to occur before 2 oocyte is degraded?

Back 20

12.12-36 hours

Front 21

Early Landmarks
1.Where odes the sperm meet the 2 oocyte?
2. What processes occurs during the trip?
3. What is capacitation?
4,. What is acrosomal reaction?

Back 21

1. Sperm is injected to the cervix and has to travel to the infundibulum of the fallopian tube.
2. Capacitation and acrosomal reaction.
3. Capacitation is a process that leads to hyperactivity and activation of the sperm's acrosomal coat.
4. Acrosomal reaction is the release of enzymes of the cap when spermatid meets the oocyte and needs to degrade the pellucid zone.

Front 22

Early Landmarks
5. What are the 5 events that occur when one sperm reaches the oocyte?

Back 22

5. The 5 events are:
1- Fusion of sperm and oocyte membrane.
2- Release of enzymes from the oocytes cortex granules--> pellucid zone becomes impenetrable.
3- Completion of meiosis II.
4.Fusion of paternal and maternal pronuclei and disolution of membranes
5- Formation of a zygote.

Front 23

Early Landmarks
6. What occurs during week 1?

Back 23

6. Cleavage and implantation