Fa - Embryology

Front 1

Mechanism of ketone body formation?

Back 1

Depletion of oxaloacetate stalling TCA cycle: starvation and diabetes shunt oxaloacetate to gluconeogenesis, in alcoholism excess NADH shunts oxaloacetate to malate

Front 2

Rate-limiting step of cholesterol synthesis? Inhibitor?

Back 2

HNG-CoA Reductase (inhibited by statins)

Front 3

Essential fatty acids?

Back 3

Linoleic and linolenic acids (if linoleic acid is absent, arachidonic acid become essential)

Front 4

Function of pancreatic lipase?

Back 4

Degrades dietary TG in small intestine

Front 5

Function of lipoprotein lipase?

Back 5

Degrades TG circulating in chylomicrons and VLDLs

Front 6

Function of hepatic TG lipase?

Back 6

Degrades TG in IDL

Front 7

Function of hormone-sensitive lipase?

Back 7

Degrades TG stored in adipocytes

Front 8

Function of LCAT (lecithin-cholesterol acetyltransferase)?

Back 8

Esterifies cholesterol (2/3 of plasma cholesterol undergoes this process)

Front 9

Function of CETP (cholesterol ester transfer protein)?

Back 9

Transfers cholesterol esters to other lipoprotein particles

Front 10

Function of apolipoprotein A-1?

Back 10

Activate LCAT

Front 11

Function of apolipoprotein B-100?

Back 11

Binds LDL receptor and mediates VLDL secretion

Front 12

Function of apolipoprotein C-II?

Back 12

Cofactor for lipoprotein lipase

Front 13

Function of apolipoprotein B-48?

Back 13

Mediates chylomicron secretion

Front 14

Function of apolipoprotein E?

Back 14

Mediates uptake of remnants

Front 15

Chylomicron function? Source?

Back 15

Delivers dietary TGs to periphery; Secreted by intestinal epithelial cells

Front 16

Signs of excess chylomicrons?

Back 16

Pancreatitis, lipemia retinalis, eruptive xanthomas

Front 17

Apolipoproteins of chylomicrons?

Back 17

B-48, A-IV, C-II, E

Front 18

VLDL function? Source?

Back 18

Deliver hepatic TGs to periphery; Secreted by liver

Front 19

Sign of excess VLDL?

Back 19

Pancreatitis

Front 20

Apolipoproteins of VLDL?

Back 20

B-100, C-II, E

Front 21

IDL function? Source?

Back 21

Deliver TGs and cholesterol to liver; Formed from VLDL degradation

Front 22

Apolipoproteins of IDL?

Back 22

B-100, E

Front 23

LDL function? Source?

Back 23

Delivers hepatic cholesterol to periphery; Formed by lipoprotein lipase metabolism of VLDL in periphery

Front 24

Signs of LDL excess?

Back 24

Atherosclerosis, xanthomas, arcus cornae

Front 25

HDL function? Source?

Back 25

Reverse cholesterol transport (periphery to liver) and storage for apoC and apoE necessary for chylomicron and VLDL metabolism; Secreted from liver and intestine

Front 26

Familial dyslipidemia type I: Pathophys? Increased lipoprotein? Lab blood findings?

Back 26

Deficiency of lipoprotein lipase; Increased chylomicron; Elevated TG and cholesterol

Front 27

Familial dyslipidemia type II: Pathophys? Increased lipoprotein? Lab blood findings?

Back 27

Deficient LDL receptors; Increased LDL, Elevated cholesterol

Front 28

Familial dyslipidemia type IV: Pathophys? Increased lipoprotein? Lab blood findings?

Back 28

Hepatic overproduction of VLDL; Increased VLDL; Elevated TG

Front 29

Fetal development within week 1

Back 29

Implantation as blastocyst

Front 30

When would you see embryonic bilaminar disk formation (epiblast and hypoblast)?

Back 30

Before end of week 2

Front 31

Fetal development within week 3

Back 31

Gastrulation; formation of primitive streak, notochord, neural plate

Front 32

Fetal development during weeks 3-8

Back 32

Neural tube completes; Organogenesis, Period of extreme teratogen susceptibility

Front 33

When would you expect to first see a fetal heart beat and formation of limb buds?

Back 33

Week 4

Front 34

Fetal development during week 8

Back 34

Fetal movement, begins to resemble baby

Front 35

When do fetal genitalia assume gender differentiation?

Back 35

Week 10

Front 36

Which portion of nervous system arises from alar plate?

Back 36

Sensory (alar is dorsal)

Front 37

Which portion of nervous system arises from basal plate?

Back 37

Motor (basal is ventral)

Front 38

Rule of 2's for 2nd week

Back 38

2 germ layers (bilaminar disk), 2 cavities (amniotic and yolk sac), 2 placenta components (cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast)

Front 39

Rule of 3's for 3rd week

Back 39

3 germ layers (gastrula)

Front 40

Rule of 4's for 4th week

Back 40

4 heart chambers, 4 limb buds

Front 41

From what layer does the primitive streak emerge? And what does it give rise to?

Back 41

Forms from invagination of epiblast; Gives rise to mesoderm and endoderm

Front 42

Derivatives of surface ectoderm?

Back 42

Adenohypophysis; eye lens; epithelium of skin, ear, eye, nose; dermis

Front 43

Derivatives of neuroectoderm?

Back 43

Neurohypophysis, CNS neurons, oligodendroglia, astroglia, ependymal cells, pineal gland

Front 44

Derivatives of neural crest?

Back 44

ANS, DRG, melanocytes, adrenal medulla chromaffin cells, enterochromaffin cells, pia and arachnoid, celiac ganglion, Schwann cells, odontoblasts, thyroid C cells, laryngeal cartilage, skull bones

Front 45

Derivatives of endoderm?

Back 45

Gut tube epithelium and derivatives (lungs, liver, pancreas, thymus, parathyroid, thyroid follicular cells)

Front 46

Derivatives of mesoderm?

Back 46

Dura mater, connective tissue, muscle, bone, CV structures, lymphatics, blood, urogenital structures, serous body cavity linings, spleen, adrenal cortex, kidneys

Front 47

What is the function of the notochord? What is its postnatal derivative?

Back 47

Induces ectoderm to form neuroectoderm (neural plate); gives rise to nucleus pulposus of IV disks

Front 48

Mesodermal defects = VACTERL (name 'em)

Back 48

Vertebral defect, Anal atresia, Cardiac defects, Tracheo-Esophageal fistula, Renal defects, Limb defects (bone and muscle)

Front 49

Postnatally, the umbilical vein becomes what structure?

Back 49

Ligamentum teres hepatis

Front 50

Postnatally, the umbilLical arteries become what structures?

Back 50

MediaL umbilical ligaments

Front 51

Postnatally, the allaNtois/urachus become what structure?

Back 51

MediaN umbilical ligament

Front 52

Postnatally, the notochord becomes what structure?

Back 52

Nucleus pulposis of the intervertebral disks

Front 53

What structure(s) is derived from the 1st aortic arch?

Back 53

Part of the maxillary artery

Front 54

What structure(s) is derived from the 2nd aortic arch?

Back 54

Stapedial artery and hyoid artery

Front 55

What structure(s) is derived from the 3rd aortic arch?

Back 55

Common carotid artery and proximal part of internal carotid artery

Front 56

What structure(s) is derived from the 4th aortic arch?

Back 56

Aortic arch and proximal part of the right subclavian artery

Front 57

What structure(s) is derived from the 5th aortic arch?

Back 57

None

Front 58

What structure(s) is derived from the 6th aortic arch?

Back 58

Proximal part of pulmonary arteries and ductus arteriosus

Front 59

From which germ layer are branchial clefts derived?

Back 59

Ectoderm

Front 60

From which germ layer are branchial arches derived?

Back 60

Mesoderm and neural crest

Front 61

From which germ layer are branchial pouches derived?

Back 61

Endoderm

Front 62

The following are from which branchial arch: Mandible, Malleus, incus, sphenoMandicular ligament, Muscles of Mastication, Myelohyoid, anterior belly of the digastric?

Back 62

1

Front 63

The following are from which branchial arch: Stapes, Styloid process, lesser horn of hyoid, Stylohyoid and posterior belly of digastric?

Back 63

2

Front 64

The following are from which branchial arch: Greater horn of the hyoid and stylopharyngeus?

Back 64

3

Front 65

Which two branchial arches form the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

Back 65

3 and 4

Front 66

All intrinsic muscles of the larynx are derived from the 6th branchial arch except for which muscle?

Back 66

cricothyroid muscle

Front 67

CN V2 and V3 are derived from which branchial arch?

Back 67

1

Front 68

CN VII is derived from which branchial arch?

Back 68

2

Front 69

CN IX is derived from which branchial arch?

Back 69

3

Front 70

The superior larygeal branch of CN X is derived from which branchial arch?

Back 70

4

Front 71

The recurrent laryngeal branch of CN X is drived from which branchial arch?

Back 71

6

Front 72

Which branchial arch makes no major developmental contributions?

Back 72

5

Front 73

Which branchial cleft develops into the external auditory meatus?

Back 73

1st cleft

Front 74

Which branchial pouch develops into the middle ear cavity, eustachian tube and mastoid air cell?

Back 74

1st pouch

Front 75

Which branchial pouch develops into the epithelial lining of the palatine tonsil?

Back 75

2nd pouch

Front 76

Which branchial pouch develops into the inferior parathyroids?

Back 76

3rd pouch

Front 77

Which branchial pouch develops into the the ventral wings of the thymus?

Back 77

3rd pouch

Front 78

Which branchial pouch develops into the the superior parathyroids?

Back 78

4th pouch

Front 79

Which branchial pouch develops into the the dorsal wings of the thymus?

Back 79

4th pouch

Front 80

DiGeorge Sequence (Syndrome) results from aberrant development of which branchial pouch(es)?

Back 80

3rd and 4th pouches

Front 81

What deformation results from the failure of the maxillary and medial nasal processes to fuse?

Back 81

Cleft lip

Front 82

What deformation results from the failure of the lateral palatine processes, the nasal septum and/or the median palatine process to fuse?

Back 82

Cleft palate

Front 83

Name the 4 embryologic structures from which the diaphram derives.

Back 83

Septum transversum, Pleuroperitoneal folds, Body wall and Dorsal mesentery of esophagus

Front 84

In embryologic development, what part(s) of the pancreas does the ventral pancreatic bud form?

Back 84

Pancreatic head, uncinate process and main pancreatic duct (dorsal bud becomes everything else)

Front 85

A neonate presents with narrowing of the 2nd part of the duodenum. What is the likely etiology?

Back 85

Annular pancreas (ventral pancreatic bud abnormally encircles the 2nd part of the duodenum)

Front 86

Which of the following organs does not arise from endoderm: stomach, lungs, spleen or endocrine glands of the liver/pancreas?

Back 86

Spleen (arises from mesoderm)

Front 87

A neonate presents with extrusion of abdominal contents through unfused abdominal (lateral body) folds. Dx?

Back 87

Gastroschisis

Front 88

A neonate presents with herniation of abdominal contents into the umbilical cord. Dx?

Back 88

Omphalocele

Front 89

When is the fetus most susceptible to teratogens?

Back 89

Weeks 3-8

Front 90

What is the effect of ACE inhibitors on a fetus?

Back 90

Renal damage

Front 91

What is the effect of cocaine on a fetus?

Back 91

Abnormal development and fetal addiction

Front 92

What is the effect of Diethylstilbestrol (DES) on a fetus?

Back 92

Vaginal clear cell carcinoma

Front 93

What is the effect of Iodide on a fetus?

Back 93

Congenital goiter or hypothyroidism

Front 94

What is the effect of Vitamin A on a fetus?

Back 94

Extremely high risk for birth defects

Front 95

What is the effect of Thalidomide on a fetus?

Back 95

Limb defects (flipper limbs)

Front 96

What is the effect of Tobacco on a fetus?

Back 96

Preterm labor, placental problems, ADHD

Front 97

What is the effect of Alcohol on a fetus?

Back 97

Developmental retardation, microcephaly, facial adnormalities, limb dislocation, heart and lung fistulas. Possibly due to cell migration.

Front 98

What are the two ways to make monozygotic twins?

Back 98

One zygote splits to develop two amniotic sacs with a common chorion and placenta or one that splits early and develops two placentas, chorions, and amniotic sacs.

Front 99

How are dizygotic twins formed?

Back 99

Two separate eggs are fertilized and form individual placentas, chorions and amniotic sacs.

Front 100

What is the major purpose of the placenta?

Back 100

Primary site of nutrient and gas exchange between mother and fetus.

Front 101

What is the fetal component of the placenta?

Back 101

The inner layer is cytotrophoblast and the syncytiotrophoblast is the outer layer and secretes hCG.

Front 102

What is the maternal component of the placenta?

Back 102

The decidual basalis which is derived from the endometrium.

Front 103

What are the components of the umblical cord?

Back 103

2 arteries (deoxygenated blood) and 1 vein (oxygenated blood from placenta) and the urachus removes nitrogenous waste from fetal bladder

Front 104

What embryonic structure gives rise to the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk?

Back 104

Truncus arteriosus (TA)

Front 105

What embryonic structure gives rise to the smooth parts of left and right ventricle?

Back 105

Bulbus cordis

Front 106

What embryonic structure gives rise to the trabeculated parts of left and right ventricle?

Back 106

Primitive ventricle

Front 107

What embryonic structure gives rise to the trabeculated parts of left and right atrium?

Back 107

Primitive atria

Front 108

What embryonic structure gives rise to the coronary sinus?

Back 108

Left horn of sinus venosus (SV)

Front 109

What embryonic structure gives rise to the Smooth part of right atrium?

Back 109

Right horn of sinus venosus (SV)

Front 110

What embryonic structure gives rise to the superior vena cava?

Back 110

Right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein

Front 111

What embryonic structure divides the truncus arteriosis into the aortic and pulmonary trunks?

Back 111

Aorticopulmonary septum

Front 112

What closes the interventricular foramen?

Back 112

The fusion of the aorticopulmonary septum meets the muscular ventricular septum to form the membranous interventricular septum.

Front 113

What forms the foramen primum?

Back 113

The septum primum grows down towards the endocardial cushions.

Front 114

What forms the foramen secundum?

Back 114

Perforations in the septum primum

Front 115

Which septum contains the foramen ovale?

Back 115

Septum secundum

Front 116

Which septum forms the valve for the foramen ovale?

Back 116

Septum primum

Front 117

Where is fetal erythropoiesis at weeks 3-8?

Back 117

Yolk sac

Front 118

Where is fetal erythropoiesis at weeks 6-30?

Back 118

Liver

Front 119

Where is fetal erythropoiesis at weeks 9-28?

Back 119

Spleen

Front 120

Where is fetal erythropoiesis after week 28?

Back 120

Bone marrow

Front 121

What are the three fetal shunts?

Back 121

Ductus venosus, Foramen ovale, Ductus arteriosis

Front 122

Where does the ductus venosus shunt blood?

Back 122

From umbilical vein to IVC

Front 123

Where does the foramen ovale shunt blood?

Back 123

Oxygenated blood from reaching the heart from right atria to left so it can reach to head and body

Front 124

Where does the ductus arteriosus shunt blood?

Back 124

Deoxygenated blood from the SVC is expelled into the pulmonary artery and to the lower body of the fetus

Front 125

What closes the foramen ovale?

Back 125

The decreased resistance in the pulmonary vasculature causes increased left atrial pressure

Front 126

What closes the ductus arteriosis?

Back 126

Increase in oxygen concentration leads to a decrease in prostaglandin

Front 127

What can be used to close a PDA?

Back 127

Indomethacin

Front 128

What can be used to keep a PDA open?

Back 128

Prostaglandins

Front 129

Embryology: 3 stages of kidney development? Function? Derived from which germ layers?

Back 129

(1) Pronephros: filtration (wk 1-4, degenerates). (2) Mesonephros: interim kidney (wk 4-end of trimester 1). (3) Metanephros: permanent kidney. All derived from the mesoderm.

Front 130

Embryology: GU structures derived from the (1) mesonephros and (2) metanephros?

Back 130

(1) efferent ductules->epididymis->vas deferens. (2) ureter->collecting system->nephron tubules + Bowman capsule. Glomeruli arterioles just grow into Bowman capsule induced by Bowman nearby.

Front 131

Embryology: what does the urogenital sinus form? Gonad formation/origin?

Back 131

UG sinus forms urethra, bladder, allaintois (becomes median umbilical lig) (M & F) and vagina (F). Origin: endoderm (transitional epithelium). Gonads=mesoderm + primordial germ cells that migrate in from the Yolk Sac to spawn gametes.

Front 132

Explain sex differentiation in embryology: 'default' development?

Back 132

Default: mesonephric ducts->paramesonephric (muellerian) ducts (F). SRY gene (Y chrom) produces testis-determining factor (TDF)->testis. Sertoli cells->Muellerian Inhibiting Factor (MIF), which inhibits female devo. Leydig cells-->testosterone-> sustain mesonephric (Wolffian) ducts (epididymis, vas def).

Front 133

Structures arising from the: (1) Mesonephric (Wolffian) ducts? (2) Paramesonephric (Muellerian) ducts?

Back 133

(1) Epididymis, ejaculatory duct, vas deferns, seminal vesicles (SEED) + trigone (2) Fallopian tubes, uterus, rostral 1/3 of vagina, trigone.

Front 134

M/F genital homologues (F/default given, you name M structure): (1) glans clitoris (2) vestibular bulbs (3) Glands of Bartholin.

Back 134

(1) Glans penis (2) corpus spongiosum (3) Cowper glands

Front 135

M/F genital homologues (F/default given, you name M structure): (1) urethral & paraurethral glands (of Skene) (2) labia minora (3) labia majora.

Back 135

(1) Prostate (think: prostate is paraurethral in M) (2) penile urethra (and ventral shaft) (3) scrotum.