• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/306

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

306 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What supplies the Posterior Descending Artery (PD artery)?
80% of time= RCA
20% of time- Circumflex A
What artery supplies the RV?
Acute Marginal A
What artery supplies the apex and anterior interventricular septum?
LAD
What artery supplies the posterior LV?
Circumflex A
Coronary Artery occlusion most commonly occurs in the ___________artery.
LAD
Pulse pressure = _________ -__________.
systolic pressure - diastolic pressure
_____________=2/3 diastolic P + 1/3 systolic P
MAP
____________= EDV-ESV
SV
SV is affected by what 3 variables?
CAP
Contractility
Afterload
Preload
What 4 things would increase contractility?
Catecholamines
Increase Intracellular Ca
Decrease Extracellular Sodium
Digitalis
5 things that would decrease Contractility?
B1 blockade
Heart Failure
Acidosis
Hypoxia/Hypercapnea
Non-dihydropyridine Ca channel blockers
______________is proportional to initial length of cardiac muscle fiber (preload).
Force of Contraction
What is the Ejection Fraction?
index of ventricular contractility
Normal Ejection Fraction?
> or = to 55%
How do you calculate the Ejection Fraction?
EF= SV/EDV= EDV-ESV/ EDV
Resistance is directly proportional to _________.
Viscosity
Resistance is indirectly proportional to __________.
radius to the 4th power
What accounts for most of the TPR?
Arterioles
Viscosity depends mostly on __________.
Hematocrit
3 examples of increased Viscosity?
Polycythemia
Hyperproteinemic states (multiple myeloma)
Hereditary Spherocytosis
Shift along the SAME line on the Cardiac and vascular function curve?
change in PRELOAD
Shift to a DIFFERENT line on the Cardiac and vascular function curve?
change in AFTERLOAD or IONOTROPY
What is the meaning of the X-intercept of venous return curve?
Mean Systemic Pressure
What is the name for when the CO and Venous Return are equal?
Operating Point of Heart
What is Isovolumetric Contraction?
period between mitral valve closure and aortic valve opening. Period of HIGHEST O2 consumption
What is Isovolumic Relaxation?
period between Aortic Valve closing and mitral valve opening
Period right after mitral valve opening? (on Cardiac cycle curve)
Rapid Filling
Period just before mitral valve closure? (on Cardiac cycle)
Reduced filling
S1 sound?
mitral and tricuspid valve closure
S2 sound?
aortic and pulmonary valve closure
S3 sound?
early diastole during rapid ventricular filling. Common in Dilated ventricles, kids, and pregnant women)
S4 sound?
late diastole, high atrial pressure. Common in Ventricular Hypertrophy. Stiff LV.
JVP a wave?
atrial contraction
JVP c wave?
RV contraction
JVP v wave?
increase in right atrial pressure
What is S2 splitting?
Aortic valve closes before Pulmonic, this difference is increased with inspiration
splitting assoc. with Pulmonic Stenosis or RBBB?
WIDE splitting
Splitting assoc. with ASD?
Fixed Splitting
Splitting assoc. with Aortic Stenosis or LBBB?
Paradoxical Splitting ( A2 and P2 reverse, so P2 comes first)
Right sided heart sounds increase intensity with ______________.
Inspiration
Left sided heart sounds increase intensity with _________.
Expiration
Systolic Heart Sounds include ____________and ____________.
Aortic/Pulmonary Stenosis
Mitral/Tricus. Regurgitation
Diastolic Heart Sounds include __________and ___________.
Aortic/Pulmonary Regurg.
Mitral/Tricus. Stenosis
Holosystolic, high pitched blowing murmur?
Mitral/Tricuspital Regurgitation
Crescendo-Decrescendo systolic ejection murmur following an Ejection Click?
Aortic Stenosis
Age-related Calicifications + Pulsus Parvus et Tardus
Aortic Stenosis
Holosystolic Harsh sounding murmur?
VSD
Late systolic crescendo murmur with midsystolic click?
Mitral Prolapse
Immediate high pitched blowing diastolic murmur?
Aortic Regurgitation
Bounding pulses + Head bobbing?
Aortic Regurgitation
Delayed rumbling late diastolic murmur following an Opening Snap?
Mitral Stenosis
Continuous, Machine like murmur due to congenital rubella or prematurity?
PDA
Voltage gated Na channels open during what phase of ventricular AP?
Phase 0- Rapid Upstroke
During what phase of ventricular AP is there initial repolarization with inactivation of Na channels and opening of K channels?
Phase 1
What phase of ventricular contraction is the plateau?
Phase 2
During what phase of ventricular contraction is there Ca influx that balances the K efflux?
Phase 2- plateau
Phase of Ventricular AP with opening of slow K channels and closing of K channels?
Phase 3- rapid repolarization
During what phase of Ventricular AP is there high K permeability thru the K channels?
Phase 4- resting potential
Upstroke phase of Pacemaker AP?
Phase 0
What phase of the Pacemaker AP determines Heart Rate?
Phase 4- slow diastolic depolarization
What phase of the Pacemaker AP is the membrane potential spontaneously depolarized as the Na conductance increases?
Phase 4
What part of the EKG represents conduction delay thru the AV node?
PR interval
PR interval is normally ___________.
<200 msec
QRS complex is normally ______________.
<120 msec
What part of the EKG represents mechanical contraction of the ventricles?
QT interval
T wave inversion indicates ____________.
recent MI
What would cause an U wave?
Hypokalemia
Bradycardia
Prolonged QT intervals can lead to ___________, ventricular tachycardia.
Torsades de Pointes
Defects in cardiac sodium or potassium channels?
Congenital long QT syndromes- can present with congenital sensorineural deafness
Ventricular Preexcitation Syndrome?
Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome
Delta wave on EKG (shoulder)?
Wolff-Parkinson-White SYndrome
Accessory conduction pathway from atria to ventricle (bundle of Kent), that results in ventricles depolarizing too early?
Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome
Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome may cause reentry current and may lead to ____________.
Supraventricular Tachycardia
Irregulary irregular with NO P waves?
A Fib
Sawtooth appearance, rapid succession of identical p waves?
Atrial Flutter
prolonged PR interval? (>200 msec)
1st degree AV block
Progressive lengthening of PR interval leading to a dropped beat? (not followed by a QRS complex)
AV block- 2nd degree (Mobitz Type I)
Dropped beats on EKG?
AV block- second degree, Mobitz Type II
P waves and QRS complexes beat independently?
AV 3rd degree block
Erratic rhythm with no identifiable waves?
V Fib
How do the kidneys increase TPR?
Angiotensin II (vasoconstriction)
How do the kidneys increase CO?
Aldosterone (increase blood volume)
What contributes to the "escape from aldosterone" mechanism and is released by the atria?
ANP
What receptors are important in response to severe hemorrhage?
Baroreceptors
Carotid Sinus?
Baroreceptors
Carotid Body?
Chemoreceptors
How does Carotid Massage decrease HR?
increases pressure on the Carotid A leading to increase in stretch and then leading to increase in afferent barorecptor firing
Peripheral carotid bodies and aortic bodies respond to changes in ____________.
decrease PO2
increase PCO2
decrease pH
Central chemoreceptors respond to changes in ______________.
PCO2
pH
What is the Cushing Triad?
HTN
Bradycardia
Respiratory Depression
What organ is responsible for the largest share of systemic CO?
Liver
Good approximation of LA pressure?
PCWP
How is Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure measured?
Swan-Ganz Catheter
How do lungs autoregulate?
Hypoxia = vasoCONSTRICTION= so that only well-ventilated areas are perfused
_________determine fluid movement thru capillary membranes.
Starling Forces
Kf?
Capillary permeability
What causes Right-to-Left shunts?
5 T's
Tetralogy
Transposition
Truncus
Tricuspid
TAPVR
Failure of Truncus Arteriosus to divide into Pulmonary Trunk and Aorta?
Peristent Truncus Arteriosus
absence of Tricuspid Valve + Hypoplastic RV?
Tricuspid Atresia
What is TAPVR?
Pulmonary Veins drain into Right heart circulation
Late Cyanosis?
Left-to-Right SHunts
Early Cyanosis?
Right-to-Left Shunts
What would cause Left-to-Right shunts?
VSD
ASD
PDA
MC congenital cardiac anomaly?
VSD
Eisenmenger's Syndrome?
shunt reverses from L to R shunt to a R to L shunt
Clubbing and polycythemia?
Late Cyanosis
4 characteristics seen with Tetralogy of Fallot
Pulmonary Stenosis
RVH
Overriding Aorta
VSD
Xray of Boot-Shaped Heart?
Tetralogy of Fallot
Anterosuperior displacement of the Infundibular septum?
Tetralogy of Fallot
Patient learns to squat to improve their cardio symptoms?
Tetralogy of Fallot
Failure of aorticopulmonary septum to spiral?
Transposition of Great Vessels
Anomaly causing seperation of systemic and pulmonary circulations?
Transposition of Great Vessels
Coarctation of the Aorta - Infantile type?
PRE-ductal Coarctation
Preductal Coarctation is assoc. with ____________.
Turner's Syndrome
Rib Notching, HTN in UE, weak pulses in LE?
POSTDuctal Coarctation
Late cyanosis in the LE's? (differential cyanosis)
Uncorrected PDA
___________closes PDA.
Indomethacin
What maintains a patent PDA?
Prostaglandins
low O2 tension
Cardiac anomalies seen with 22q11 syndromes?
Truncus Arterisosus
Tetralogy of Fallot
Cardiac anomaly assoc. with Down's Syndrome?
Endocardial Cushion Defects (ASD, VSD, AV septal defect)
Cardiac defect assoc. w/ Turners?
PREductal Coarctation of Aorta
Cardiac defects assoc. with Congenital Rubella?
Septal Defects
PDA
Pulmonary A Stenosis
Cardiac defects assoc.with Marfans?
Aortic Insufficiency
Cardiac defects seen in infants of diabetic mothers?
Transposition of Great Vessels
Definition of HTN?
>140/ 90
Plaques in BV walls?
Atheromas
Plaques or nodules composed of lipid-laden histiocytes in the skin?
Xanthomas
Plaques or nodules composed of lipid-laden macrophages in the eyelids?
Xanthelasma
Lipid deposit in Achille's tendon?
Tendinous Xanthoma
Lipid deposit in cornea?
Arcus Senilis
Calcification in the media of the arteries?
Monckeberg Arteriosclerosis
"pipestem" arteries= calcification in media of Radial or Ulnar Arteries?
Monckeberg Arteriosclerosis
Hyaline Arteriosclerosis?
due to Essential HTN or DM
Hyperplastic Arteriolosclerosis?
Malignant HTN
"onion skinning"
Fibrous plaques and Atheromas in the INTIMA of arteries?
Atherosclerosis
MC location of Atherosclerosis?
Abdominal Aorta
longitudinal intraluminal tear forming a false lumen?
Aortic Dissection
Mediastinal widening on Chest Xray?
Aortic Dissection
Tearing chest pain that is radiating to the back?
Aortic Dissection
Retrosternal chest pain with exertion?
Stable Angina
Stable angina on EKG?
ST depression
Angina that occurs due to coronary artery spasm?
Prinzmetal's Variant
Prinzmetal's Variant Angina on EKG?
ST elevation
worsening chest pain at rest or with minimal exertion?
Unstable/Crescendo Angina
Unstable angina on ECG?
ST depression
Sudden cardiac death is death from cardiac causes within _________of symptoms.
1 hour
progressive onset of CHF over many years due to chronic ischemic myocardial damage?
Chronic Ischemic Heart Dx
During an MI, what is seen withing the first 12-24 hours?
Contraction bands
Early coagulative necrosis begins _____________ after an MI.
4 hours
How long after an MI is there acute inflammation, dilated vessels and extensive coagulative necrosis?
2-4 days
When is there central yellow-brown softening after an MI?
5-10 days= Hyperemic Border
When after a MI are you at increased risk for a free wall rupture, tamponade, papillary muscle rupture, interventricular septal rupture?
5-10 days
When after an MI are you at highest risk for a Ventricular Aneurysm?
7 weeks
When after a MI is the contracted scar complete and the area is gray/white?
7 weeks
How do you diagnose an MI within the first 6 hours?
ECG
What is a specific marker for diagnosis of MI, rises after fust 4 hours and remains high for 7-10 days?
Cardiac Troponin I
What is useful for diagnosing reinfarction on top of acute MI?
CK-MB
ECG findings of ST elevation + Q waves?
Transmural Infarct
ECG findings of ST depression?
Subendocardial infarct
Infarct of the entire wall?
Transmural
Infarct of <50% of ventricle wall?
Subendocardial
What lead on an ECG would show Q waves due to Anterior wall infarct? (LAD)
V1-4
Anteroseptal infarct on ECG?
(LAD)
V1-2
Anterolateral infarct on ECG?
(circumflex)
V4-6
Lateral wall infarct on ECG?
(Circumflex)
I, aVL
Inferior wall infarct on ECG?
(RCA)
II, III, aVF
friction rub 3-5 days post MI?
Postinfarction Fibrinous Pericarditis
Fibrinous Pericarditis several weeks post MI?
Dressler's Syndrome
Cardiomyopathy with ECCENTRIC hypertrophy?
Dilated (Congestive)
MC Cardiomyopathy?
Dilated
Cardiomyopathy assoc. with S3?
Dilated
Cardiomyopathy assoc. with Friedrich's Ataxia?
Hypertrophic
Sudden death in young athletes?
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Cardiomyopathy assoc. w/ S4?
Hypertrophic
Cardiomyopathy with CONCENTRIC hypertrophy?
Hypertrophic
Loffler's syndrome is assoc. with what Cardiomyopathy?
Restrictive
Isolated Right Sided Heart Failure?
Cor Pulmonale
Round white spots on retina surrounded by hemorrhage?
Roth Spots
When do you see Roth spots?
Bacterial Endocarditis
tender raised lesions on fingers and toes that is seen with Bacterial endocarditis?
Osler's Nodes
Small erytheatous lesions on palm or sole, seen with bacterial endocarditis?
Janeway Lesions
Large vegetations on previously normal valve, with rapid onset?
Acute Bacterial Endocarditis- S. AUREUS
small vegetations on congenitally abnormal or diseased valves?
Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis- Viridans Streptococci---insidious onset, after dental exam
Verroucous, sterile vegetations?
Libman-Sacks endocarditis
Aschoff Bodies?
Rheumatic Heart Dx
Activated histiocytes seen with Rheumatic Heart Dx?
Anitschkow's cells
consequence of pharygeal infection with group A B-hemolytic streptococci?
Rheumatic Heart Dx
Migratory Polyarthritis, increased ESR, Chorea, and FEVER?
Rheumatic HEart Dx
Pulsus Paradoxus?
Kussmaul's Pulse= decrease in amplitude of pulse during inspirtation
equilibration of diastolic pressures in all 4 chambers?
Cardiac Tamponade
HYPOtension
increase JVD
distant heart sounds
increase HR
Pulsus Paradoxus
What is your ddx?
Cardiac Tamponade
"tree bark" appearance of aorta?
Syphilitic Heart Dx
heart dx that can cause dilation of the aorta and valve ring?
Syphilis
MC primary cardiac tumor in adults?
Myxomas
"ball valve" in the LA?
Myxomas
MC primary cardiac tumor in children?
Rhabdomyomas- assoc. with Tuberous Sclerosis
dilated veins due to chronically increased venous pressures?
Varicose Veins
arteriolar vasospams in resonse to cold temperatures or emotional stress?
Raynaud's Dx
Triad of focal necrotizing vasulitis, necrotizing granulomas in lung and upper airways, and necrotizing glomerulonephritis?
Wegener's Granulomatosis
c-ANCA + chest xrays with large nodular densities?
Wegener's Granulomatosis
Trx for Wegener's Granulomatosis?
Cyclophosphamide & Corticosteroids
Vasculitis limited to the kidney?
Primary Pauci-Immune Crescentic-Glomerulonephritis
Granulomatous Vasculitis with Eosinophilia + pANCA?
Churg-Strauss Syndrome
presents with asthma, sinusitis, skin lesions, and peripheral neuropathy?
Churg Strauss Syndrome
Presents with Port wine stain, itracerebral AVM, seizures and early onset glaucoma?
Sturge Weber Dx
MC form of childhood systemic vasculitis?
Henoch-Schonlein Purpura
skin rash on buttocks and legs of a kid?
Henoch-Schonlein Purpura
Common triad of Henoch Schonlein Purpura?
Skin
Joints
GI
IgA immune complexes that cause skin, joint and GI problems following an URI?
Henoch-Schonlein Purpura
aka Thromboangiitis Obliterans?
Buerger's Dx
Thrombosing vasculitis seen in smokers?
Buerger's Dx
necrotizing vasculitis in infants/children?
Kawasaki Dx
Fever, Conjunctivitis, Strawberry Tongue, lymphadenitis, and skin rash in small child??
Kawasaki Dx
Immune complex mediated transmural vasculitis with fibrinoid necrosis?
Polyarteritis Nodosa
Polyarteritis Nodosa is found in 30% of pts with __________.
Hep B seropositivity
Polyarteritis Nodosa trx?
Corticosteroids
Cyclophosphamide
Kawasaki Dx trx?
IV immunoglobulin
Aspirin
Buerger's Dx trx?
Smoking cessation
Fever, weight loss, malaise, abdominal pain, melena, HA, HTN, neuro dysfxn, and cutaneous eruptions (of different ages)?
Polyarteritis Nodosa
"pulseless dx"
Takayasu's Arteritis
granulamatous thickening of Aortic Arch and/or proximal great vesels?
Takayasu's Arteritis
Asian females <40 with an increased ESR?
Takayasu's Arteritis
Fever, Arthritis, Night sweats, myalgia, skin nodules, ocular disturbances, and weak pulses in UE's?
Takayasu's Arteritis
MC vasculitis affecting medium and large arteries?
Temporal Arteritis
Unilateral HA, jaw claudication and impaired vision that can lead to irreversible blindness??
Temporal Arteritis
Elderly female with increased ESR and headaches?
Temporal Arteritis
Temporal Arteritis trx?
High dose steroids
benign capillary hemangioma of infancy?
Strawberry Hemangioma (will regress with age)
benign capillary hemangioma of the elderly?
Cherry Hemangioma (does NOT regress, worse with age)
Pyogenic Granuloma?
polypoid capillary hemangioma that can ulcerate and bleed
Capillary hemangioma assoc. with trauma and pregnancy?
Pyogenic Granuloma
Cavernous Lymphangioma of the neck seen with Turners?
Cystic Hygroma
Benign, painful red-blue tumor under the fingernails?
Glomus Tumor
benign capillary skin papules found in AIDS pts?
Bacillary Angiomatosis
Capillary skin papules caused by Bartonella Henselae infxn?
Bacillary ANgiomatosi
lymphatic malignancy assoc. with persistent lymphedema?
Lymphangiosarcoma
Endothelial malignancy of the skin assoc. with HHV-8 and HIV?
Kaposi's Sarcoma
What is CONTRAindicated in decompensated CHF trx?
B blockers
________are protective against daibetic nephropathy.
ACE inhibitors
Antihypertensive trx that decreases afterload?
Hydralazine
1st line therapy for HTN in pregnancy, with methyldopa?
Hydralazine
What is Hydralazine used for?
Severe HTN
CHF
HTN in pregnancy
co-admin. with B-blockers to prevent reflex tachycardia
What antihypertenise therapy has a toxicity of Lupus-like syndrome?
Hydralazine
Calcium channel blocker that reduces muscle contractility of Vascular Smooth Muscle?
Nifedipine the MOST
Calcium channel blocker that reduces muscle contractility of the Heart the most?
Verapamil
Toxicity assoc. with Calcium Channel blockers?
Cardiac Depression
AV block
peripheral edema
flushing
dizziness
constipation
What drug causes your veins to vasodilate by releasing Nitric Oxide and thus decrease preload?
Nitroglycerin
Isosorbide DInitrate
Clinical uses for Nitroglycerin & Isosorbide Dinitrate?
Angina
Pulmonary Edema
Aphrodisiac/Erection enhancer
Nitroglycerin toxicity?
Monday Disease
Reflex Tachycardia
HYPOtension
flushing
HA
Malignant hypertension trx that releases NO and causes increase in cGMP?
Nitroprusside
Malignant HTN trx that can cause Cyanide poisoning?
Nitroprusside
Fenoldopam MOA?
D1 receptor agonist- relaxes RENAL vascular smooth muscle
Malignant HTN trx that relaxes RENAL vascular smooth muscle?
Fenoldopam
Malignant HTN trx that is a K+ channel opener?
Diazoxide
Diazoxide for Malignant HTN, can cause ______________.
Hyperglycemia
Goal of Antianginal therapy?
reduce myocardial O2 consumption
What anti-anginal trx reduces EDV and thus decreases preload?
Nitrates
anti-anginal trx that reduces blood pressure?
Nitrates AND B-blockers
What anti-anginal trx will decrease Contractility?
B-BLockers
What anti-anginal trx will decrease HR?
B-blockers
What anti-anginal trx will decrease Ejection Fraction?
Nitrates
What Ca channel blocker is similar to effects of NItrates?
Nifedipine
What Ca Channel blocker is similar in effects to B-blockers?
Verapamil
HMG-Coa Reductase inhibitors SE?
Hepatoxicity
Rhabdomyolysis
What inhibits lipolysis in adipose tissue and reduces VLDL hepatic secretion?
Niacin
Goal of Antianginal therapy?
reduce myocardial O2 consumption
What anti-anginal trx reduces EDV and thus decreases preload?
Nitrates
anti-anginal trx that reduces blood pressure?
Nitrates AND B-blockers
What anti-anginal trx will decrease Contractility?
B-BLockers
What anti-anginal trx will decrease HR?
B-blockers
What anti-anginal trx will decrease Ejection Fraction?
Nitrates
What Ca channel blocker is similar to effects of NItrates?
Nifedipine
What Ca Channel blocker is similar in effects to B-blockers?
Verapamil
HMG-Coa Reductase inhibitors SE?
Hepatoxicity
Rhabdomyolysis
What inhibits lipolysis in adipose tissue and reduces VLDL hepatic secretion?
Niacin
Niacin SE's?
Red, flushed face
Hyperglycemia
Hyperuricemia
Bile acid resin SE's?
bad taste
GI discomfort
Cholesterol gallstones
What upregulates lipoprotein lipase and decreases the effect of triglycerides?
"fibrates"
"fibrates" SE's?
Myositis
Hepatotoxicity
Cholesterol Gallstones
Cardiac Glycosides MOA?
direct inhibition of Na/K ATPase which leads to indirect inhibition of Na/Ca exchanger.
Clinical use of Cardiac Glycosides?
CHF
A Fib
Digoxin toxicty antidote?
slowly normalize K+
Lidocaine
Cardiac Pacer
Anti-Dig Fab fragments
Mg+
Antiarrythmic that decreases slope of phase 0?
Na Channel blockers
What Antiarrythmic increases AP duration and can be used for atrial and ventricular arrythmias?
Class IA
Antiarrythmic used POST-MI?
Class 1B
Antiarrythmic used for acute ventricular arrhythmias and digitalis induced arrythmias?
Class 1B
Antiarrythmic that decreases AP duration?
Class 1B
Antiarrythmic that has no effect on AP duration and is only used as last resort for refractory tachyarrhythmias?
Class 1C
Antiarrythmic that CONTRAindicated post-MI?
Class 1C
Quinidine Toxicity?
Cinchonism- HA, tinnitus
Procainamide toxicity?
reversible SLE-like syndrome
Class 1C toxicity?
Proarrythmic, prolongs refractory period in AV node
Antiarrythmic toxicity that can cause local anesthetics, CNS stimulation/depression, and Cardiovascular depression?
Class 1B
What suppresses abnormal pacemakers by decreasing slope of phase 4?
B-blockers
Clinical uses for Class II antiarrythmics?
Vtach
SVT
Slow ventricular rate during afib and aflutter
Class II antiarrythmic toxicity?
Impotence
Exacerbation of Asthma
CV effects
AV block
CNS effects
may mask hypoglycemia
Class II antiarrythmic that can cause dyslipidemia?
Metoprolol
What increases AP duration by blocking K channels?
Class III antiarrythmics
Sotalol SE?
Torsades de Pointes
Excessive B block
Bretylium SE?
new arrythmias
HYPOtension
Amiodarone SE?
Pulmonary Fibrosis
Hepatotoxicity
Hypo/Hyperthryoidism
corneal deposits
blue/gray skin deposits
photodermatitis
What antiarrhytmic is used in prevention of nodal arrythmias?
Class IV
Class IV anti-arrythmics work on what phase?
Phase 0 and Phase 2
DOC in diagnosing/abolishing Supraventricular tachycardia?
Adenosine
What depresses ectopic pacemakers in Hypokalemia?
K+
antiarrythmic effective in torsades de pointes and digoxin toxicity?
Mg+