Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the fat soluble vitamins? |
A, D, E, and K |
|
What do the fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) depend on for absorption? |
Depend on gut (ileum) and pancreas |
|
What can cause fat soluble vitamin deficiencies? |
- Malabsorption syndromes (eg, steatorrhea), such as cystic fibrosis and sprue |
|
What are the water soluble vitamins? |
- B1 (Thiamine: TPP) |
|
Are fat or water soluble vitamins more likely to cause toxicity? Why? |
- Fat soluble vitamins are more likely to cause toxicity because they can accumulate in the fat |
|
What do B-complex deficiencies often cause? |
- Dermatitis |
|
What are the functions of Vitamin A? Uses? |
Functions: |
|
What are the sources of Vitamin A? What can a deficiency cause? |
Sources: |
|
What can excess Vitamin A cause? |
- Arthralgias |
|
What are the functions of Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)? |
In Thiamine Pyrophosphate (TPP) form, it is a cofactor for several enzymes in decarboxylation reactions: |
|
What can a deficiency of Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) cause? |
- Impaired glucose breakdown → ATP depletion worsened by glucose infusion |
|
What is the cause of Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome? Symptoms? |
- Vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency, 2° to malnutrition as well as alcoholism |
|
What is the cause of Beriberi? Symptoms? |
Beriberi, think Ber1-Ber1 (B1) = Thiamine |
|
What are the functions of Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)? |
Cofactor in oxidation and reduction (eg, FADH2) |
|
What can a deficiency of Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) cause? |
"2 C's of B2" |
|
What are the functions of Vitamin B3 (Niacin)? |
Constituent of NAD+, NADP+ (used in redox reactions) |
|
What is Vitamin B3 (Niacin) derived from? What does synthesis require? |
- Derived from tryptophan |
|
What can a deficiency of Vitamin B3 (Niacin) cause? |
- Glossitis |
|
What can cause pellagra? Symptoms? |
Vitamin B3 (Niacin) Deficiency can be caused by: |
|
What can an excess of Vitamin B3 (Niacin) cause? |
Facial flushing (d/t pharmacologic doses for treatment of hyperlipidemia) |
|
What are the functions of Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid)? |
Essential component of CoA (a cofactor for acyl transfers) and fatty acid synthase |
|
What can a deficiency of Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid) cause? |
- Dermatitis |
|
What are the functions of Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)? |
- Converted to pyridoxal phosphate (cofactor for transamination - eg, ALT and AST) |
|
What can a deficiency of Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) cause? |
- Convulsions |
|
What are the functions of Vitamin B7 (Biotin)? |
Cofactor for carboxylation enzymes (which add 1C group) |
|
What can a deficiency of Vitamin B7 (Biotin) cause? What can cause a deficiency? |
Symptoms: |
|
What are the functions of Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid)? |
- Converted to THF, a coenzyme for 1C transfer/methylation reactions |
|
What are the sources of Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid)? What can a deficiency cause? |
Sources: |
|
What is the most common vitamin deficiency in US? Common presentation? |
- Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid): most common vitamin deficiency in US |
|
What can cause a deficiency of Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid)? Symptoms? |
Causes: |
|
What are the functions of Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)? |
Cofactor for homocysteine methyltransferase (transfers CH3 groups as methylcobalamin) and methylmalonyl-CoA mutase |
|
What are the sources of Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)? What can a deficiency cause? |
Sources: |
|
What can cause a deficiency of Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)? Symptoms? |
Causes of deficiency: |
|
How can you determine the etiology of the Vitamin B12 deficiency? |
Schilling test |
|
How do Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine), Vitamin B9 (Folate), and Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) relate in terms of metabolism? |
Vitamin B6: |
|
What is S-adenosyl-methionine formed from? Function? |
- ATP + Methionine → SAM (S-Adenosyl-Methionine) |
|
What is necessary to convert Dopamine to NE? |
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) |
|
What is necessary to convert NE to Epinephrine? |
SAM (methyl donation) |
|
What are the functions of Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)? |
- Antioxidant |
|
What are the sources of Vitamin C? What can a deficiency cause? |
Sources: |
|
What can excess Vitamin C cause? |
- Nausea |
|
What are the forms of Vitamin D? Sources? |
- D2: Ergocalciferol - ingested from plants |
|
What are the functions of Vitamin D? |
- ↑ intestinal absorption of Ca2+ and phosphate |
|
What can a deficiency of Vitamin D cause? |
- Rickets in children (bone pain and deformity) |
|
What can an excess of Vitamin D cause? When is this seen? |
Excess: |
|
What are the functions of Vitamin E? |
Antioxidant (protects erythrocytes and membranes from free-radical damage) |
|
What can a deficiency of Vitamin E cause? |
- ↑ Fragility of erythrocytes → hemolytic anemia (E is for erythrocytes) |
|
What are the functions of Vitamin K? Source? |
Function: |
|
What drug is a vitamin K antagonist? |
Warfarin |
|
What can a deficiency of Vitamin K cause? |
- Neonatal hemorrhage w/ ↑ PT and ↑ aPTT but normal bleeding time (neonates have sterile intestines and are unable to synthesize vitamin K) |
|
How do neonates get Vitamin K? |
- Neonates have a sterile intestine and are unable to synthesize vitamin K (normally vitamin K is synthesized by intestinal flora) |
|
What are the functions of Zinc? Source? |
- Essential for activity of 100+ enzymes |
|
What can a deficiency of Zinc cause? |
- Delayed wound healing |
|
How is alcohol metabolized? Enzymes? Location? |
1. Alcohol → Acetaldehyde by Alcohol Dehydrogenase |
|
Which drugs can affect alcohol metabolism? |
- Fomepizole |
|
What is the mechanism of Fomepizole? Use? |
- Inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase |
|
What is the mechanism of Disulfiram (Antabuse)? Use? |
- Inhibits acetaldehyde dehydrogenase |
|
What is the limiting factor of alcohol metabolism? |
NAD+ is the limiting reagent |
|
What is the effect of alcohol metabolism on NADH/NAD+ ratio? Implications? |
Ethanol metabolism ↑ NADH/NAD+ ratio in liver |
|
What are the two types of malnutrition? |
- Kwashiorkor |
|
What causes Kwashiorkor and Marasmus? |
- Kwashiorkor: protein malnutrition |
|
What are the symptoms of Kwashiorkor? Cause? |
Results from a protein-deficient MEAL: |
|
What are the symptoms of Marasmus? Cause? |
Energy / calorie malnutrition results in: |