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183 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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2. In this trait, __________________________, an additional cusp appears on the lingual side of the crown of the maxillary canine, making it similar in configuration to a lower first premolar.
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bushman's canine
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extra cups on the lingual side of a molar, prominent in africans
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cusp 7
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A specialty within dentistry in which the method and theory of dental examination are applied to medicolegal issues.
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forensic odontology
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develop when secondary dentin is deposited through time in the pulp cavity of permanent teeth
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Pulp Stones
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yellow accumulation on surface of teeth
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Tartar/Calculus
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3. One method of _______________________________ is to place a negative of a skull over the photograph of a person so that osteological points can be compared to areas of the face
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Photographic Superimposition
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AM & PM data match sufficiently to establish that they are from the same individual.
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Positive ID
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AM & PM data are consistent, but not fully exclusive of all other individuals.
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Possible ID
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comparing tooth impressions with bruises left from a bite
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Bite Mark Analysis
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found responsible for the deaths of over 30 women
Caught with tooth impressions |
Ted Bundy Case
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different types of personal identification from antemortem records
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Forensic Odontology (Forensic Dentistry)
Radiographic Comparisons Photographic Superimposition bit mark analysis sinus analysis DNA testing |
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what is necessary to make a positive identification?
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the remains are determined to be associated with 1 person to the exclusion of all others.Requires dental records
Inventory, Restorations (type and placement), Pathologies, Malocclusion, Comparative Radiographs Must explain any discrepancies |
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the methods by which a forensic odontologist attempts to make a positive ID
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dental records
radiographs photographic superimposition |
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No further investigation of medicolegally significant skeletal material can be performed until the remains have been matched with a missing person
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the remains have been matched with a missing person
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Forensic Odontology areas of concern
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Formulation of a positive ID.
Analysis of bite marks on persons or associated evidence. Interpretation of injuries & other changes to oral tissues. |
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tooth shape prominent in asian and native americans
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shovel
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traits of tooth age
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formation, eruption, histological traits
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Indications of older adult teeth
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Pulp stones develop when secondary dentin is deposited through time in the pulp cavity of permanent teeth
Staining (enamel discoloration) Tartar (calculus) accumulation Smaller root tip openings |
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How useful are teeth in determining sex?
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not very
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how can teeth determine cause of death?
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Damage to the dentition indicating a perimortem blow
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written dental records
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Patterns of missing, filled, and unrestored teeth
<1% frequency of overlap Can be considered a positive ID with some patterns |
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problems with written dental records
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Not all work is recorded
Records are thrown out Errors in recording Different coding methods: Zsigmondy (letters) Fed. Dentaire Internat. (2 #’s) |
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outcome when not enough evidence for possible or probably ID
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insufficient evidence
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am and pm data are inconsistent
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exclusion
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Can compare antemortem x-rays with x-rays of unidentified skeletal remains
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Radiographic Comparison
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most common radiographic comparison is done on
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dentition
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bone traits used in radiographic comparison?
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bone injuries
subtle differences in shape |
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hitler's radiograph showed?
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dental appliances
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dna is considered as reliable as
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finger prints or radiographic comparison
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term for cavities
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caries
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over or under bite
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maloculsion
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Can photographic superimposition be used alone to make a positive id?
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no
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_________________ is the study of the changes to biological organisms between the time of death and the time of discovery.
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Forensic Taphonomy
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studies the insect life cycle and succession on cadavers for the purpose of determining PMI.
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Forensic Entomology
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Interested in determining:
Time of year for death from amount of immediately surrounding plant growth Previous locations from presence of other plant materials Aspects of growth suggesting how long since death |
Forensic Botany
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Blood settling
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Livor Mortis
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Body temp. drop
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Algor Mortis
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Gelling cytoplasm, rigid muscles
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Rigor Mortis
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unregulated digestive fluids
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Autolysis
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unregulated bacteria
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Putrefaction
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more sun =
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faster decomp
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freezing/thawing cycles
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loosen connective tissues
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more humid =
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faster decomp
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Humidity
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more humid = faster decomp.; slows drying of tissues, better for animal consumption; rapid drying in arid climates which induces mummification
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Accessibility
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trauma & placement; access to internal organs; outdoors vs. indoors; surface vs. underwater or buried; depth of burial
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Little Effect on Decomp. Rate
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Rain fall
Size Weight |
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Complications for PMI Calculation
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Decomp. is continuous; no discrete stages
Numerous factors complicate decomp. rate Large temporal variation in stages Most schedules derived from surface finds Changes combined from all times of year, neglecting temp. fluctuations General approach: code by amount of decay; include specifics if additional factors known |
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Burials = slower decomp. because?
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Fewer insects below 2’
Reduced temp. underground |
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Water submersion =
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slower decomp
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1 week on surface =
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2 in water = 8 underground
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most common scavengers for N. Am
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Dogs and coyotes
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Forensic Entomology: History
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13th century China – dead farmer found with sharp trauma wound in chest
Medieval Europe – thought maggots were products of meat; no known cause of decay and fly activity 19th century – Decay-fly relationship discovered 1st application in French court case, 1850 Flies on skeletonized child found behind chimney were thought to take a year to develop, which was longer than the present residence’s tenure- misunderstood development duration Insect succession studies soon revealed the real relationships |
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Forensic Entomology
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Observing different life stages of attendant insects
Seasonal insects – can indicate season when death occurred Geographic variation of species Identify habits of decedents- (e.g., cocaine in maggots) Find existing life cycles & calculate time since death |
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Blowfly accuracy
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accurate to within 12 hrs
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blowfly cycle
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Found in all parts of the country
Shows up mins./hours after death Females lay eggs soon after 23 hrs. to hatch, larvae start feeding After a few days, maggots migrate off carcass, bury themselves, pupate, & adult flies move back to carcass to feed |
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effect of temperature on blowfly
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higher temp = grow faster
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Succession of insects
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Blowflies immediately
Beetles within day or 2 Some eat soft tissue Some eat larvae and fly eggs Beetles outnumber flies over time Soft tissue disappears, beetles and a few types of flies remain Knowing ratio of flies to beetles = time estimate Brief utility (several days to ~1 year) |
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Identify compounds in larvae, pupae, & adults as those from the body
Cocaine, heroin, GHB, mercury, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, antidepressants, etc. can be detected Some can accelerate the development of necrophagous insects (e.g., cocaine & heroin) |
Entomotoxicology
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Complications of insect succession
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Some insects reoccur
Life cycle lengths are affected by weather (esp. heat & cold) Need an arthropod specialist Beetle life cycles are not as well known as flies; thus insect succession is less useful than fly life cycle for determining time since death |
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Compare roots from under a body to those of plants around area
why? |
Bodies fertilize plants and root growth can accelerate, increasing root thickness
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Chemical Methods
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Using body weight and temperature of the site, find time since death by measuring ratio of volatile fatty acids in soil
Regression formulae for levels of bone residuals (e.g., proteins, triglycerides, cholesterol) to find time since death Limited enthusiasm for use of these methods |
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Disease, malnutrition, old age, accidental, and intentional trauma are common
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causes of death
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homicide, suicide, accident, natural, and unknown are all
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manners of death
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any break in bone
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Discontinuity
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a break completely through a bone
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Fracture
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an incomplete break in a bone
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infraction
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fractured ends don’t meet or meet at unnatural angle
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Displacement
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broken ends are separated from each other
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Complete fracture
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infraction with unnatural angle, occurs when a section of bone is bent away from the direction of a blow. Its usual manifestation is inward bending
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Hinge fracture
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is an incomplete, transverse facture to long bones which results in the diaphysis being bent at an abnormal angle
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Green-Stick Fracture
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single discontinuity; bone broken into 2 segments
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Simple fracture
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breaks resulting in multiple fragments of bone
Most commonly seen in violent deaths |
Comminuted fracture
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disperse outward (most common fracture lines)
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Radiating lines
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form concentric rings around area of impact
(most common in high-velocity projectile wounds) |
Concentric lines or hoop fractures
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breaks that occur in bones weakened by disease
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Pathological Fractures
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breaks caused by overuse
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Stress Fractures
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Fatigue Fractures
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occur in bones exposed to intermittent stress over a long period of time
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old lady hump, overlap, partially due to osteoporosis
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dowager's hump
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Post-traumatic Bone Reaction
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Vessels are ruptured, creating a hematoma, which helps to stabilize the broken pieces in the area by coagulation
Osteogenic response of periosteum; bridges the gap to begin development of a callus, made of fibrous bone If the break is immobilized, the callus develops by calcium matrix deposits, but it is not dense or well organized Replacement of fibrous with lamellar bone, which is much stronger |
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Fracture Evidence
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Callus begins to form by 6 weeks after break, can remain visible for years after complete healing
Can sometimes obliterate after years, leaving no evidence Remodeling can occur around fracture edges Break borders are sharp, resorption can round them Porosity can increase with healing |
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– force that pulls on bone; dislocation; accidents
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Tension
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pushes down on bone; discontinuities; fracture lines; most common on skull
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Compression
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twisting; common in long bones; accidents and child abuse
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Torsion
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Impacts the side of a structure at right angles to long axis, causing a break through the cross section
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Bending
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self-defense wound
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Parry Fracture
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involves immobilization of a segment of bone; most common with accidents
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Shearing
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sudden stress
Force that is delivered powerfully and at high speed Most common Examples: bludgeon, knife, or projectile |
Dynamic force
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applied slowly
Force starts low and builds to the point where bone breaks Usually creates displacement of bone, with few fracture lines |
Static force
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Most common forensic injury by static force is
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the breaking of the hyoid by manual strangulation
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Force applied to a single point or a thin line
Ice picks, knives, axes, meat cleavers, machetes, swords |
Narrow Focus
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Force delivered over a large area of bone
Ranges from an inch to several inches Any instrument that is not cutting or chopping |
Wide Focus
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Any injury resulting from a blow from wide instruments that have either a flat or round surface.
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Blunt Force Trauma
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characteristics of blunt force trauma
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Result of compression, bending, and shearing forces applied dynamically over a wide focus
Exhibit both discontinuities and fracture lines Caused by objects wielded as clubs, vehicular accidents, and hitting the ground |
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Generally results from an implement with a point or sharp edge.
Results from compression or shearing forces applied dynamically over a narrow focus. |
Sharp Force Trauma
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Force applied perpendicular and down onto surface =
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= punctures, chop marks
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sharp force trauma instruments
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Knives, axes, other instruments with sharp edges or points
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projectile trauma:
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Usually compressive, some bending force; dynamic speed; begins small focus, becomes wide focus as projectile passes through the bone
Discontinuities, bone displacement, fracture lines Bullets, arrows, spears |
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trauma caused by static pressure
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strangulation
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generalized dynamic pressures
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explosions
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trauma that occurred before death such that there is partial or complete healing
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antemortem trauma
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injuries that occurred around the time of death; of great interest to law enforcement officials
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perimortem trauma
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injury that occurs after death
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Postmortem trauma
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antemortem trauma traits
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Porosity around break due to bone resorption
Rounded edges of break due to bone remodeling (begins as early as 1 week after break) Presence of callus (irregular shape, disorganized surface, raised area) |
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Perimortem Trauma traits
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Green bone response
Characterized by – sharp edges, hinging, fracture lines, broken ends angled with jagged surface, hematoma staining |
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Postmortem Damage traits
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Dry bone snaps like a dry twig
No hinging, green fractures, or radiating fracture lines Long bones usually break at nearly right angles, with almost flat ends Break edge is lighter in color |
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Projectile Trauma
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Distinct wound characteristics
Generally results in complete discontinuities (with displacement and usu. fracture lines) Can shatter entire structures (e.g., skull) Firearm categories: handguns, shotguns, rifles Preferred method of murder and suicide due to lethality |
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diameter of a bullet and/or barrel of a handgun or rifle
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Caliber
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the max. weight of a lead ball that would fit down the barrel of a shotgun (e.g., a 10-gauge shotgun would admit a lead ball weighing 1/10 of a pound)
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Gauge
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solid balls made of lead (contained in shells, denoted by birdshot or buckshot number)
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Pellets
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a thin copper coating on the bullet
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Jacket
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sharp (rifles); blunt & hollow-point (handguns)
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Profiles
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solid lead or fragmenting bullets (encase pellets that scatter throughout the target when the bullet makes contact- usu. round in profile)
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Internal Composition
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Causes wound to be larger than actual bullet
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Wound Beveling
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beveling (at entry site)
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Inward beveling
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beveling (at exit site)
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Outward
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beveling (opp. direction
of entrance) |
Reverse beveling
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when angle of bullet perpendicular to bone;
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Round
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when bullet not perpendicular to bone
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Oval
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fracturing that occurs around the site of bullet impact on long bone diaphyses
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Butterfly fractures
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an injury where the area of impact is clear, but the imprint of the causative instrument is not visible
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Focused blunt trauma
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traumas that do not exhibit a distinct area of impact
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Diffused blunt trauma
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incomplete fractures causes by blunt force trauma
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Bow fracture or plastic deformation
Bone bruise or occult intraosseous fracture Torus or buckling fracture Greenstick fracture Toddler’s fracture Vertical fracture Depressed fracture |
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complete fractures caused by blunt force trauma
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Transverse fracture
Oblique fracture Spiral fracture Comminuted fracture Epiphyseal fracture |
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blunt force trauma shape
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Cross-sections – round and angular
Round common for rounded clubs (bats, branches, glass bottles, some crowbars, etc.) Angular common for clubs with corners (lumber, some crowbars, pieces of metal); most likely to leave shape imprint and fewer fracture lines Patterned injuries – belt buckles or distinct tools are rare on bone |
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Size of blunt force trauma
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Club length: long or short, can’t be sure
Club width: narrow or wide, can’t be sure Collisions may be complicated Forces are relevant to who or what may have created the injuries Lesser force needed for smaller objects |
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blunt force trauma Weight
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Heavy or light
Light objects – smaller injuries with fewer fracture lines Heavy objects swung with great force – catastrophic bone injuries; large wounds with extensive fracture lines; crushing, fragmentation Weight can be irrelevant (e.g., collisions involving a moving vehicle, falls) |
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bending from tension of bft?
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inbending
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bending for compression in bft?
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outbending
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disease markers
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pathological conditions
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these pathologies can be used to ID, even positive ID's
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skeletal anomalies
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lesions and over growths are considered
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occupational stress markers
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abnormal loss of bone. small pores to large cavities
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lytic lesions
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excess growth of bone
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Proliferative
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abnormal shapes or contours of bone
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Deformative
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caused by severe anemia and expanding diploe esp of the occipital bone
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Porotic Hyperostosis
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expanding diploe into orbits due to severe anemia
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Cribra Orbitalia
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Decreased blood flow to bone;
results in cavities or fragments |
Necrosis
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cavities on superior and inferior surface of vertebral bodies, common type
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schmorl's node
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cavitary lesions resulting from infections of the teath that form a vent in the alveolar part of the jaw
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abscess
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common proliferative condition on vertebra, bone spurs linked to osteoarthritis
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osteophytes
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vitamin D deficiency that often causes bowing of legs
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ricketts and osteomalacia
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vertebral column curves forward to a greater extent than normal
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kyphosis
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accessory bones in lambdoid suture
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wormian bones
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accessory bone of the inferior border of zygomatic frequent in japanese
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os japonium
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only common nonfusion in cranium, retention of metopic suture
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metopism
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separation of neural arch from body of vertabrae
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spondylolysis
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sparation of right and left haves of neural arch in sacrum
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spina bifida
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nonfusion notch in the patella
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bipartite patella
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nonfusion of the styloid process
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os triangular
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nonfusion of the posterior process of the talus
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os trigonum
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foramen on the floor of the ear cannal
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foramen of huschke
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foramen in olecranon fossa
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septal aperture
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holes in the brain case as a result of surgery
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trephination
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occupational stress marker meaning over growth
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hypertrophy
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separation of parts of the body to hinder ID or ease transport
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localized dismemberment
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cuts to all areas of the skeleton
Suggests disregard for the victim |
generalized dismemberment
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cuts across the grain; teeth at 70o to long axis of the saw
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crosscut saws
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cut with the grain; teeth at 90o to long axis of the saw; makes a wide kerf
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rip saw
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shallow; caused when the blade of the saw is drawn across the surface of a bone
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Superficial false start scratches
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deeper; caused by bouncing of the saw blade off the bone during a push stroke
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False start kerf
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deep kerfs (the most useful for determining blade construction and saw type)
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Sectioned bone cuts
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– caused by the final cutting stroke
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Breakaway spur
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indicates circular blades; appear as semicircular, concentric arched lines
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Fixed radius
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indicates straight blades; appear as linear lines (rigid blades) or slightly curved (nonrigid)
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Nonfixed radius
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no fracture lines; often accompanied by evidence of other animal activity
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Punctures
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shallow punctures, doesn't make it through cortical bone
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Pits
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parallel lines, along cortical bone of diaphysis
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Scoring
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deeper, at ends of bone
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Furrows
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: large, depressed areas with hinge fractures; caused by animal chewing
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Depressed fractures
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only calcium salts remain; bone is light weight and brittle
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Calcination
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damage to bone upon being found
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discovery marks
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Career Avenues
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Academic
Law Enforcement Government Agency |
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Often, entomological researchers who work at universities
Aid in determining post-mortem interval Conduct research on insect life-cycles and the relationship to the decay of remains Usually only do forensics part-time on a consulting basis |
Forensic Entomology
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Applies psychology to a legal context. Involved in many aspects of legal cases
May be called on to testify about defendant’s competency to stand trial May provide sentencing recommendations May be involved in ‘profiling’ in criminal cases Can also be called in to testify in custody disputes, insurance claims, and lawsuits Generally requires a PhD in clinical or counseling psychology |
Forensic Psychology
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Usually individuals with a DDS (or the new degree, DMD)
Requires in-depth knowledge of dental anatomy Most do forensic work on a consulting basis, work full time as dentists in private practice or in academia Help ID victims, analyze any trauma to the mouth/teeth |
Forensic Odontology
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Work in government labs, or do forensics on a consulting basis
Specialize in the application of chemistry to medico-legal situations or product failure Evidence may include hair samples, paint chips, glass fragments, or blood stains May be involved in DNA testing (biochemistry) |
Forensic Chemistry
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Primarily employed by government agencies, though some work for private labs
Requires less training than most other forensics careers (as little as an Associates degree, in some situations) Collect and analyze physical evidence related to the commission of crimes May specialize in specific fields, such as ballistics, fingerprint analysis, etc. |
Lab Technicians
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Write detailed reports
Testify in court This includes interacting/preparing statements with the prosecution or defense Sometimes called in to testify for opposing counsel—must use discretion at accepting such jobs Necessitates high ethical standards, composure, and patience |
Forensic Anthropology
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few positions for forensic anthropologists in academia and competition is fierce
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forensics trap
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study the human remains found at archaeological sitesThey look at
Population make-up Demographics (ages, wealth, ancestry) Health/Nutrition Cultural practices of burial Cultural practices of body modification |
Bioarchaeologists
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May be employed by police department, or may do work on a consulting basis
Reconstruct traffic accident scenes Use data from tire prints, witness testimony, patterns of damage to vehicle(s), etc. |
Forensic Engineers
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may be elected or appointed
Sometimes doctors, but many states do not require this May or may not have specific training in forensic pathology |
Coroners
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appointed by the state
Required to be doctors Usually required to have specialization in related discipline of medicine (almost always pathology) |
Medical Examiners
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