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99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Epineurium? ...
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Epineurium (dense connective tissue) surrounds entire nerve (fascicles and blood vessels)
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Where is type X collagen found? (1) ...
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epiphyseal plate
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Plasma is filtered on the basis of what properties? ...
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Filtration of plasma occurs according to net charge and size.
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How is the glomerular basement membrane formed? ...
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From the fusion of endothelial and podocyte basement membranes.
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What is produced by gamma cells of the Islets of Langerhans? ...
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gamma cells produce somatostatin.
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What is the mnemonic to remember layers and products of adrenal cortex? ...
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GFR (Glomerulosa, Fasciculata, Reticularis) corresponds to Salt (Na+), Sugar (glucocorticoids) and Sex (androgens) The deeper you go, the sweeter it gets.
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What is the function of hair cells? ...
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Hair cells are the sensory elements in both the cochlear and vestibular apparatus.
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Name a protein involved in the structure of hemidesmosomes. ...
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Integrin
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What is another name for zona adherens? ...
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Intermediate junction
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Describe the histological structure of sinusoids of the liver. ...
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Irregular 'capillaries' with round pores 100-200 nm in diameter and no basement membrane
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What is the function of smooth ER? ...
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Is the site of steroid synthesis and detoxification of drugs and poisons
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What is the function of rough ER? ...
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Is the site of synthesis of secretory (exported proteins and of N-linked oligosaccharide addition to many proteins.
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What part of pancreas are the Islets of Langerhans concentrated? ...
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Islets of Langerhans are most numerous in the tail of pancreas.
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What structural defect causes Kartagener's syndrome? What is the consequence? ...
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Kartagener's syndrome is due to dynein arm defect. Results in immotile cilia.
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Define Pacinian corpuscles. ...
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Large, encapsulated sensory receptors found in deeper layers of skin at ligaments, joint capsules, serous membranes, mesenteries
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Where are Brunner's glands located? ...
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Located in submucosa of duodenum
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Describe the histologic structure of sinusoids of the spleen. ...
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Long, vascular channels in red pulp. With fenestrated 'barrel hoop' basement membrane.
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What is the histologic change in lymph nodes during an extreme cellular immune response? ...
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Lymph node paracortex becomes enlarged during extreme cellular immune response.
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What is the histologic presentation of DiGeorge's syndrome? ...
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Lymph node paracortex is not well developed in patients with DiGeorge's syndrome
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What kind of cells are found nearby the sinusoids of the spleen? ...
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Macrophages
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What are the major structures of the lymph node medulla? ...
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Medulla consists of medullary cords and medullary sinuses.
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What do medullary sinuses communicate with? ...
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Medullary sinuses communicate with efferent lymphatics.
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What do medullary sinuses consist of? ...
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Medullary sinuses contain reticular cells and macrophages.
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What is the function of Meissner's corpuscles? ...
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Meissner's corpuscles are involved in light discriminatory touch of glabrous skin
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What is the histologic change in nephrotic syndrome? What is the consequence of this change? ...
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Negative charge is lost. Plasma protein is lost in urine
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What is the glomerular basement membrane coated with? (provides negative charge to filter). ...
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Negatively charged heparan sulfate
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What is the most common tumor the adrenal medulla in children? ...
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Neuroblastoma
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What is the function of Pacinian corpuscles? ...
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Pacinian corpuscles are involved in pressure, coarse touch, vibration, and tension.
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What do the Islets of Langerhans arise from? ...
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Pancreatic Buds
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What specialized vascular structure is found in the lymph node paracortex? What is the function of this structure? ...
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Paracortex contains high endothelial venules (HEV). T and B cells enter from the blood through the HEV.
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What cells are found in the lymph node paracortex? ...
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Paracortex houses T cells
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What is Perineurium? ...
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Perineurium (permeability barrier) surrounds a fascicle of nerve fibers.
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What is the most common tumor the adrenal medulla in adults? ...
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Pheochromocytoma
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Compare the consequences of pheochromocytoma vs. neuroblastoma on blood pressure
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Pheochromocytoma causes episodic hypertension. Neuroblastoma does NOT cause episodic hypertension.
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What is the space of Disse? ...
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Pores in liver sinusoids allowing plasma macromolecules access to liver cell surfaces.
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What is the primary regulatory control of adrenal medulla secretion? ...
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Preganglionic sympathetic fibers.
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What is the function of zona occludens? ...
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Prevents diffusion across intracellular space.
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Describe the appearance and status of primary vs. secondary follicles. ...
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Primary follicles are dense and dormant. Secondary follicles have pale central germinal centers and are active.
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Describe the location of the lymph node paracortex. ...
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Region of cortex between follicles and medulla.
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What is the primary regulatory control of zona glomerulosa secretion? ...
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Renin-angiotensin
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What is the glomerular basement membrane responsible for? ...
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Responsible for the actual filtration of plasma.
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What is another name for type III collagen? ...
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Reticulin
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What are Nissl bodies? ...
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Rough ER
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Where in the inner ear are the ampullae found? What is the function of this structure? ...
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Semicircular canals contain ampullae. Functions in detecting angular acceleration.
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What are/is the primary secretory product of the zona reticularis?
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sex hormones (e.g. androgens)
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What is the function of lymph node follicles? ...
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Site of B-cell localization and proliferation.
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Define macula adherens. ...
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Small, discrete sites of attachment of epithelial cells.
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Define Meissner's corpuscles. ...
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Small, encapsulated sensory receptors found in dermis of palm, soles and digits of skin.
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What is an M cell? What is it's function. ...
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Specialized cell interspersed between the cuboidal enterocytes covering a Peyer's patch. M cells take up antigens
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Name the layers of epidermis from surface to base. ...
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stratum Corneum, stratum Lucidum, stratum Granulosum, stratum Spinosum, stratum Basalis
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What is the location of zona adherens? ...
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Surrounds the perimeter just below zona occludens
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What is the function of Nissl bodies? ...
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Synthesize enzymes (e.g. ChAT) and peptide neurotransmitters.
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In what area of the spleen are T cells found? ...
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T cells are found in the PALS and the red pulp of the spleen.
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Which part of the cochlea picks up high frequency sound? Which picks up low frequency?
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The base of the cochlea picks up high frequency sound the apex picks up low frequency
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What is the bony labyrinth filled with? Describe its composition. ...
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The bony labyrinth is filled with perilymph. Perilymph is Na+ rich, similar to ECF
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What is the cause of I cell disease? What is the consequence? ...
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The failure of addition of mannose-6-phosphate to lysosome proteins. These enzymes are secreted outside the cell instead of being targeted to the lysosome.
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What is the membranous labyrinth filled with? Describe its composition. ...
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The membranous labyrinth is filled with endolymph. Endolymph is K+ rich, similar to ICF.
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What layer of the peripheral nerve must be rejoined in microsurgery for limb reattachment? ...
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The perineurium must be rejoined in microsurgery for limb reattachment
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Where in the inner ear are the maculae found? What is the function of this structure?
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The utricle and saccule contain maculae Functions in detecting linear acceleration.
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How is the function of gap junctions accomplished? ...
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Through a connection with central channels.
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What is another name for zona occludens? ...
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Tight Junction
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What are mnemonics for remembering locations for type I, II and IV collagen?
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Type ONE: bONE Type TWO: carTWOlage Type FOUR: under the FLOOR (basement membrane)
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What is a Peyer's patch? ...
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Unencapsulated lymphoid tissue found in lamina propria and submucosa of small intestine.
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What type of infection may induce an extreme cellular immune response? What happens to the lymph node during such an immune response? ...
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Viral response is an example. The paracortex enlarges.
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According to the Homunculus man, place the following in order (from medial to lateral). hand, foot, tongue, face, trunk ...
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foot, trunk, hand, face, tongue
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(T or F) Can Bell's palsy occur idiopathically? ...
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TRUE
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(T or F) Can fasiculations be present in a LMN lesion? ...
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TRUE
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(T or F) Is the anterior nucleus of the thalamus part of the limbic system? ...
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TRUE
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(T or F) Is the cingulate gyrus part of the limbic system? ...
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TRUE
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(T or F) Is the Entrorhinal cortex part of the limbic system? ...
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TRUE
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(T or F) Is the hippocampal formation part of the limbic system? ...
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TRUE
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(T or F) Is the mammillary body part of the limbic system? ...
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TRUE
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(T or F) Is the septal area part of the limbic system? ...
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TRUE
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(T or F) Thoracic outlet syndrome results in atrophy of the interosseous muscles? ...
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TRUE
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(T or F) Thoracic outlet syndrome results in disappearance of the radial pulse upon moving the head to the opposite side? ...
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TRUE
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(T or F) Thoracic outlet syndrome results in sensory deficits on the medial side of the forearm and hand? ...
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TRUE
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A lesion of the globus pallidus causes what disease? ...
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Wilson's Dz
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A lesion of the mammillary bodies (bilateraly) produces what? ...
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Wernicke-Korsakoff's encephalopathy (confabulations, anterograde amnesia)
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A lesion of the optic chiasm produces? ...
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bitemporal hemianopsia
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A lesion of the right dorsal optic radiation (parietal lesion) produces? ...
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left lower quadrantic anopsia (a temporal lesion)
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A lesion of the right Meyer's loop (temporal lobe) produces? ...
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left upper quadrantic anopsia (a temporal lesion)
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A lesion of the right optic nerve produces? ...
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Right anopsia
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A lesion of the right optic tract produces? ...
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left homonymous hemianopsia
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A lesion of the right visual fibers just prior to the visual cortex produces? ...
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left hemianopsia with macular sparing
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A lesion of the Striatum can cause which 2 diseases? ...
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Huntington's and Wilson's disease
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A positive Babinski is an indicator for a (UMN or LMN) lesion? ...
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UMN Lesion
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A rupture of the middle menigeal artery causes what type of hematoma? (epidural or subdural) ...
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epidural hematoma
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A rupture of the superior cerebral veins causes what type of hematoma? (epidural or subdural) ...
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subdural hematoma
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An aneurysm of the anterior communicating artery may cause what type of defects? ...
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visual defects
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An aneurysm of what artery may cause CN III palsy? ...
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posterior communicating artery
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Are D1 neurons in the basal ganglia inhibitory or excitatory? ...
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Excitatory
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Are D2 neurons in the basal ganglia inhibitory or excitatory? ...
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Inhibitory
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Beginning with anterior communicating artery describe the path around the circle of Willis. ...
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ant. comm. - ACA - ICA - post. comm. - PCA - PCA - post. comm. - ICA - ACA - ant. comm.
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Bell's Palsy is seen as a complication in what 5 things? ...
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AIDS, Lyme disease, Sarcoidosis, Tumors, Diabetes (ALexander Bell with STD)
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Brodmann's area 17 is? ...
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principal visual cortex
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Brodmann's area 22 is? ...
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Wernicke's area (associative auditory cortex)
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Brodmann's area 3,1,2 is? ...
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principal sensory area
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Brodmann's area 4 is? ...
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principal motor area
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Brodmann's area 41, 42 is? ...
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primary auditory cortex
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