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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are JG cells? ...
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Modified smooth muscle of afferent arteriole in the juxtaglomerular apparatus of the kidney
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What are the boundaries of the inguinal (Hesselbach) triangle? ...
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--Inferior epigastric artery --Lateral border of the rectus abdominus --Inguinal ligament
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What are the layers encountered from the outsided down to the brain?
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--Skin --Connective tissue --Aponeurosis --Loose connective tissue --Pericranium --Dura mater --Subdural space --Arachnoid --Subarachnoid space --Pia mater --Brain
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What are the manifestations of portal hypertension? ...
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--Esophageal varices --Hemorrhoids --Caput medusae
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What condition is usually associated with portal hypertension? ...
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Alcoholic cirrhosis
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What defect may predispose an infant for a diaphragmatic hernia? ...
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Defective development of the pleuroperitoneal membrane
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What gut regions and structures does the celiac artery supply? ...
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1.Foregut 2.--Stomach to duodenum --liver --gallbladder --pancreas
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What gut regions and structures does the IMA supply? ...
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1.Hindgut 2.--Distal 1/3 of transverse colon to upper portion of rectum
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What gut regions and structures does the SMA supply? ...
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1.Midgut 2.--Duodenum to proximal 2/3 of transverse colon
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What is a diaphragmatic hernia? ...
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Abdominal retroperitoneal structures enter the thorax
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What is a femoral hernia? ...
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entrance of abdominal contents through the femoral canal.
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What is a hiatal hernia? ...
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Stomach contents herniate upward through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm
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What is the arterial blood supply difference above and below the pectinate line? ...
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--Superior rectal a. (Above) --Inferior rectal a. (Below)
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What is the course of a direct inguinal hernia?
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Through weak abdominal wall, into the inguinal triangle, medial to the inferior epigastric artery, through the external inguinal ring only.
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What is the course of an indirect inguinal hernia? ...
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Through the internal (deep) inguinal ring and the external (superficial) inguinal ring lateral to the inferior epigastric artery and into the scrotum
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What is the course of the ureters? ...
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Pass under uterine artery and under the ductus deferens
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What is the function of Myenteric plexus? Submucosal plexus? ...
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1.Coordinates motility along entire gut wall 2.Regulates local secretions, blood flow, and absorption
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What is the function of the JG cells? ...
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--secrete renin and erythropoietin
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What is the innervation difference above and below the pectinate line? ...
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--Visceral innervation (Above) --Somatic innervation (Below)
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What is the innervation of the diaphram? ...
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Phrenic nerve (C3,4,5)
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What is the macula densa? ...
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Sodium sensor in part of the distal convoluted distal tubule in the juxtaglomerular apparatus of the kidney
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What is the Myenteric plexus also known as? Submucosal plexus? ...
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1. Auerbach's plexus 2. Meissner's plexus
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What is the pectinate line of the rectum? ...
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Where the hindgut meets ectoderm in the rectum
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What is the relationship of the two pulmonary arteries to the bronchus at the lung hilus?
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described by RALS -- Right Anterior, Left Superior
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What is the usual pathology above the pectinate line of the rectum? ...
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Internal hemorrhoids (not painful) Adenocarcinoma
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What is the usual pathology below the pectinate line of the rectum? ...
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External hemorrhoids (painful) Squamous cell carcinoma
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What is the venous drainage difference above and below the pectinate line? ...
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Superior rectal v. to internal mesenteric vein to portal system (Above) --Inferior rectal v. to internal pudendal v. to internal iliac v. to IVC (Below)
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What layers of the gut wall contribute to motility (4)? ...
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--Muscularis mucosae --Inner circular muscle layer --Myenteric plexus --Outer longitudinal muscle layer
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What layers of the gut wall contribute to support (3)? ...
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--Serosa --Lamina propria --Submucosa
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What muscle opens the jaw? ...
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Lateral pterygoid
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What nerve innervates most of the 'glossus' muscles and which is the exception? ...
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All muscles with root 'glossus' in their names (except palatoglossus, innervated by vagus nerve) are innervated by hypoglossal nerve.
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What nerve innervates most of the 'palat' muscles and which is the exception? ...
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All muscles with root palat in their names (except tensor veli palatini, innervated by V2) are innervated by vagus nerve.
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What nerve innervates the muscles that close and open the jaw? ...
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Trigeminal Nerve (V3)
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What neurons do the GI enteric plexus contain? ...
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Cell bodies of parasympathetic terminal effector neurons
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What part of the heart does the LAD supply? ...
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anterior interventricular septum
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What spinal cord levels are vertebral disk herniation most likely to occur? ...
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Between L5 and S1
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What structure is in the femoral triangle but not in the femoral sheath? ...
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--Femoral nerve
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What structures are in the carotid sheath? ...
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1.Internal Jugular Vein (lateral) --2.Common Carotid Artery (medial) --3.Vagus Nerve (posterior)
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What structures are pierced when doing an LP? ...
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1.Skin/superficial fascia 2.Ligaments(supraspinatous,interspinous,ligamentum flavum) 3.Epidural space 4.Dura mater 5.Subdural space 6.Arachnoid 7.Subarachnoid space--CSF
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What structures do the broad ligament contain (4)? ...
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--Round ligaments of the uterus --Ovaries --Uterine tubules --Uterine vessels
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What structures make up the bronchopulmonary segment? ...
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--Tertiary bronchus --Bronchial artery --Pulmonary artery
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What structures perforate the diaphragm at what vertebral levels? ...
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IVC at T8 --esophagus, vagal trunks at T10 --aorta, thoracic duct, axygous vein at T12
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What three muscles close the jaw? ...
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--Masseter --Temporalis --Medial pterygoid
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What usually provides the blood supply for the inferior left ventricle? ...
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Posterior descending artery (PD) of the RCA
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When do the JG cells secrete renin? ...
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in response to decreased renal BP, decreased sodium delivery to distal tubule, and increased sympathetic tone
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When is damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve most likely to happen and what are its results(2 answers)? ...
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1.Thyroid surgery 2.Hoarseness
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Where is the CSF found? ...
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Subarachnoid space
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Where is the Myenteric plexus located? Submucosal plexus? ...
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1.Between the inner and outer layers of smooth muscle in GI tract wall 2.Between mucosa and inner layer of smooth muscle in GI tract wall.
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Which ligament contains the ovarian vessels? ...
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Suspensory ligament of the ovary
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Which ligament contains the uterine vessels? ...
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Transverse cervical (cardinal) ligament
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Which lung is the usual site of an inhaled foreign body? ...
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Right lung
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Which lung provides a space for the heart to occupy? ...
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Left lung (in the place of the middle lobe)
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Which meningeal layer is not pierced during an LP? ...
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Pia mater
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Who usually gets a direct inguinal hernia? indirect hernia (and why)? ...
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1.Older men 2.Infants (failure of processus vaginalis to close)
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What are the 3 layers of peripheral nerves? (inner to outer) ...
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1) Endoneurium 2) Perineurium 3) Epineurium
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Where is type I collagen found?(7) ...
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1. bone 2. tendon 3. skin 4. dentin 5. fascia 6. cornea 7. late wound repair
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Where is type II collagen found? (3) ...
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1. cartilage (including hyaline) 2. vitreous body 3. nucleus pulposus
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What are the functions of the major structures of the inner ear bony labyrinth?
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1. Cochlea- hearing 2. vestibule- linear acceleration 3. semicircular canals- angular acceleration.
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What are the major structures of the inner ear bony labyrinth? ...
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1. Cochlea 2. vestibule 3. semicircular canals
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What are the major structures of the inner ear membranous labyrinth? ...
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1. Cochlear duct 2. utricle. 3. saccule 4. semicircular canals.
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Name two proteins involved in the structure of macula adherens. ...
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1. Desmoplakin 2.Keratin
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Name 6 functions of Golgi apparatus. ...
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1. Distribution center of proteins and lipids from ER to plasma membrane, lysosomes, secretory vessicles 2. Modifies N-oligosaccharides on asparagine 3. Adds O-oligosaccharides to Ser and Thr residues 4. Proteoglycan assembly from proteoglycan core proteins 5. Sulfation of sugars in proteoglycans and of selected tyrosine on proteins 6. Addition of mannose-6-phosphate to specific lysosomal proteins, which targets the protein to the lysosome
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Name two proteins involved in the structure of zona adherens? ...
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1. E-cadherins 2. actin filaments
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Which cells are rich in smooth ER? ...
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1. liver hepatocytes, 2. steroid hormone-producing cells of adrenal cortex.
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Describe the immune response stimulated via Peyer's patches. ...
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1. M cells take up antigen. 2. stimulated B cells leave Peyer's patch and travel through lymph and blood to lamina propria of intestine. 3. In lamina propria B cells differentiate into IgA-secreting plasma cells. 4. IgA receives protective secretory component. 5. IgA is transported across epithelium to gut to deal with intraluminal Ag.
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Which cells are rich in rough ER? ...
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1. Mucus-secreting goblet cells of small intestine, 2. antibody-secreting plasma cells.
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What are the functions of the lymph node? ...
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1. Nonspecific filtration by macrophages. 2. storage/proliferation of B and T cells 3. Ab production.
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Where is type III collagen found? (5) ...
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1. skin 2.blood vessels 3.uterus 4.fetal tissue 5.granulation tissue
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Name five types of epithelial cell junctions. ...
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1. zona occludens 2.zona adherens 3.macula adherens 4.gap junction 5.hemidesmosome
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Describe microtubule arrangement of cilia. ...
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9+2 arrangement of microtubules.
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Describe the outer structure of a Peyer's patch. ...
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A Peyer's patch is 'covered' by single layer of cuboidal enterocytes, interspersed with specialized M cells (no goblet cells).
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What is a lymph node? Include information on structural components. ...
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A secondary lymphoid organ. Has many afferents, one or more efferents. With trabeculae. Major histological regions = Follicle, Medulla, Paracortex
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What is the primary regulatory control of zona fasciculata secretion? ...
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ACTH, hypothalamic CRH
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What is the primary regulatory control of zona reticularis secretion? ...
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ACTH, hypothalamic CRH
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What are/is the primary secretory product of the zona glomerulosa?
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aldosterone
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What do Brunner's glands secrete? ...
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alkaline mucus
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What is the function of liver sinusoids? ...
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Allow macromolecules of plasma full access to surface of liver cells through space of Disse.
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What is the function of a gap junction? ...
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Allows adjacent cells to communicate for electric and metabolic functions.
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What is produced by alpha cells of the Islets of Langerhans? ...
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alpha cells produce glucagon
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What three cell types are found in Islets of Langerhans? ...
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alpha, beta, and gamma cells
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What type of cells are Nissl bodies found? In what parts of the cell? ...
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Are found in neurons. Are not found in axon or axon hillock.
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IN what area of the spleen are B cells found? ...
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B cells are found within the white pulp of the spleen.
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What is type IV collagen found? (1) ...
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basement membrane or basal lamina
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What is produced by beta cells of the Islets of Langerhans? ...
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beta cells produce insulin
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What is the only GI submucosal gland? ...
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Brunner's glands
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Describe the histological layers of the adrenal glands (outside to in) ...
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Capsule, Zona glomerulosa, Zona fasciculata, Zona reticularis, Medulla.
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What are/is the primary secretory product of the adrenal medulla? ...
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Catecholamines (Epi, NE)
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What do the medullary cords consist of? ...
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Closely packed lymphocytes and plasma cells.
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What is the most common type of collagen? ...
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Collagen Type I - 90%
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What is the most abundant protein in the human body?
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Collagen
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Define Islets of Langerhans. ...
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Collections of endocrine cells.
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What is the function of hemidesmosomes? ...
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Connect cells to underlying extracellular matrix.
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What are/is the primary secretory product of the zona fasciculata? ...
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cortisol, sex hormones.
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What is another name for macula adherens? ...
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Desmosome
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What is the effect of duodenal ulcers on Brunner's gland histology?
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Duodenal ulcers cause hypertrophy of Brunner's glands.
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How does dynein function in cilia function? ...
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Dynein causes the bending of cilium by differential sliding of doublets.
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What kind of protein is dynein? ...
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Dynein is an ATPase
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Describe the role of dynein in cilia structure. ...
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Dynein links peripheral 9 doublets of microtubules.
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What makes endolymph? ...
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Endolymph is made by the stria vascularis.
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What is Endoneurium? ...
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Endoneurium invests single nerve fiber of the peripheral nerve.
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