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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define anisocytosis ... |
varying cell sizes
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Define poikilocytosis ...
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varying cell shapes
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From which cells do B cells arise?
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stem cells in bone marrow
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From which cells do plasma cells differentiate?
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B cells. Plasma cells differentiate from B cells upon stimulation by CD4+ lymphocytes. |
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How can a Nissl stain be used to differentiate microglia from oligodendroglia?
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Microglia are not discernable in a Nissl stain while oligodendroglia appear as small dark nuclei with dark chromatin
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In what type of CNS tissue (white or grey) are oligodendroglia predominant?
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White Matter
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Into what cell type does a monocyte differentiate in tissues? ...
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Macrophages
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Name 2 substances produced by an eosinophil. ...
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histiminase and arylsulfatase
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Name the three types of leukocytic granulocytes. ...
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basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils
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Name the two types of mononuclear leukocytes. ...
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lymphocytes and monocytes
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What are 2 functions of T cell lymphocytes? ...
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cellular immune response - regulation of B lymphocytes and macrophages
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What are 2 morphological features of microglia? ...
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small irregular nuclei - and relatively little cytoplasm
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What are 3 examples of peripheral lymphoid tissue? ...
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follicles of lymph nodes - white pulp of spleen - unencapsulated lymphoid tissue
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What are 3 functions of a macrophage? ...
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phagocytosis of bacteria, cell debris, and senescent red cells - scavenges damaged cells and tissues - can function as an antigen presenting cell
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What are 3 morphological characteristics of monocytes? ...
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Large - Kidney shaped nucleus - Extensive 'frosted glass' cytoplasm
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What are 4 characteristics of the plasma cell morphology? ...
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Off center nucleus - Clock face chromatin distribution - Abundant RER - Well developed Golgi apparatus
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What are 4 morphologic characteristics of lymphocytes? ...
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Round - Small - Densely staining nucleus - Small amount of pale cytoplasm
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What are 4 substances contained within the lysosomes of neutrophils? ...
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hydrolytic enzymes - lysozyme - myeloperoxidase - lactoferrin
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What are 4 types of cells into which T cells differentiate? ...
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- cytotoxic T cells (MHC I, CD8) - helper T cells (MHCII, CD4) - suppressor T cells - delayed hypersensitivity T cells
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What are the 5 important causes for eosinophilia in humans? ...
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Neoplastic, Asthma, Allergic process, Collagen vascular disease, and Parasites (pneumonic NAACP)
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What are the blood cell diffenentiation names of the ACTIVE T CELL line beginning with the pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell? (4) ...
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- Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell - Lymphoblast - T cell - Active T cell
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What are the blood cell differentiation names of the ERYTHROCYTE cell line beginning with pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell? (4) ...
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- Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell - Proerythroblast - Reticulocyte - Erythrocyte
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What are the blood cell differentiation names of the MONOCYTE cell lines beginning with the pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell? (3) ...
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- Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell - Monoblast - Monocyte
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What are the blood cell differentiation names of the NEUTROPHIL, EOSINOPHIL, and BASOPHIL cell lines beginning with the myeloblast stage? (6) ...
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- Myeloblast - Promyelocyte - Myelocyte - Metamyelocyte - Stab cell - Neutrophil, eosinophil or basophil
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What are the blood cell differentiation names of the PLASMA CELL line beginning with the pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell? (4) ...
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- Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell - Lymphoblast - B cell - Plasma cell
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What are the blood cell differentiation names of the PLATELET CELL line beginning with the hematopoietic stem cell? (4) ...
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- Pluripotento hematopoietic stem cell - Megakaryoblast - Megakaryocyte - Platelets
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What are the components of the air-blood barrier? ...
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- Type I pneumocyte, endothelial cell, and their fused basement membrane.
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What are the steps of maturation of a B cell? (2 points) ...
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- maturation in the marrow - migration to peripheral lymphoid tissue
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What are the substances contained within the densly basophilic granules of the basophil? (4) ...
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- Heparin (anticoagulant) - histamine (vasodilator) - vasoactive amines - Slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis
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What are two basic morphological characteristics of neutrophils? ...
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multilobed nucleus - large, spherical azurophilic primary granules (lysosomes)
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What are two important functions of a neutrophil? ...
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- acute inflammmatory response of a cell - phagocytosis
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What are two names for an increased number of red cells? ...
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Erythrocytosis and polycythemia
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What cell type closely resembles a mast cell? ...
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basophil
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What cranial nerves are commonly involved in an acoustic neuroma? ...
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CN VII, VIII (association with internal acoustic meatus)
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What disease is characterized by destruction of oligodendroglia?
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Multiple sclerosis
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What does CD stand for? ...
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cluster of differentiation
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What drug prevents mast cell degranulation?
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Cromolyn sodium
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What immunoglobulin can bind to the membrane of a mast cell? ...
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IgE
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What is a reticulocyte?
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a baby (developing) erythrocyte
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What is an important example of a Schwannoma?
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Acoustic neuroma
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What is another name for pulmonary surfactant? ...
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DPPC (dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine)
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What is percentage of leukocytes in the blood exist as basophils? ...
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less than 1%
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What is the 'gap' between the myelination segment of 2 Schwann cells called? ...
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Node of Ranvier
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What is the advantage of the large surface area:volume ratio in erythrocytes? ...
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easy gas exchange (Oxygen and Carbon dioxide)
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What is the basic morphologic structure of an erythrocyte? ...
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Anucleate, biconcave
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What is the basic morphology of an eosinophil? (2 things) ...
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- bilobate nucleus - packed with large eosinophilic granules of uniform size
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What is the embryologic origin of microglia? ...
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Mesoderm
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What is the function of Interferon gamma with relation to macrophages? ...
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macrophage activation
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What is the function of microglia? ...
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phagocytosis in CNS
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What is the function of oligodendroglia? ...
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myelination of multiple CNS axons
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What is the function of pulmonary surfactant? ...
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lowers alveolar surface tension and prevents atelectasis
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What is the function of Schwann cells? ...
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myelination of PNS (a Schwann cell myelinates only one PNS axon)
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What is the importance of the lecithin:sphingomyelin ratio? ...
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> 2.0 in fetal lung is indicative of fetal lung maturity
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What is the importance of the physiologic chloride shift in erythrocytes? ...
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Membranes contain the chloride bicarbonate antiport allowing the RBC to transport carbon dioxide from the the lung periphery for elimination.
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What is the last segment of lung tissue in which ciliated cells are found? ...
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respiratory bronchioles
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What is the last segment of lung tissue in which goblet cells are found? ...
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terminal broncioles (remember ciliated cells sweep away mucous produced by goblet cells and therefore run deeper)
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What is the primary function of a basophil? ...
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Mediates allergic reactions
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What is the primary function of a leukocyte? ...
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Defense against infections
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What is the primary function of a mast cell?
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Mediates allergic reactions
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What is the primary function of a plasma cell? ...
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production of large amounts of a specific antibody to a particular antigen
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What is the primary source of energy for erythrocytes? ...
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glucose (90% anaerobically degraded to lactate, 10% by HMP shunt)
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What is the process of degranulation in mast cells? ...
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release of histamine, heparin, and eosinophil chemotactic factors
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What is the range of concentration for leukocytes in the blood? ...
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4,000 - 10,000 cells per microliter
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What is the response of an eosiniphil to antigen antibody complexes? ...
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high degree of phagocytosis
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What is the response of microglia to tissue dammage? ...
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transformation into large ameboid phagocytic cells
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What is the response to microglia infected with HIV? ...
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fusion to form multinucleated giant cells in CNS
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What is the survival time for an erythrocyte? ...
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120 days
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What pathognomonic change is seen in neutrophils of a person who is folate/vitamin B12 deficient? ...
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hypersegmented polys
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What percentage of leukocytes exist as eosinophils in the blood?
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1 - 6%
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What percentage of leukocytes exist as neutrophils in the blood? ...
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40 - 75%
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What percentage of leukocytes in blood are monocytes? ...
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2 - 10%
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What process occurs when type I pneumocytes are damaged? ...
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Type II pneumocytes develop into type I
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What substance in eosinophilic granules is primarily responsible for defense against helminths and protozoan infections? ...
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major basic protein
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Where is the site of maturation of T lymphocytes? ...
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Thymus
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Which cell type constituitively secretes pulmonary surfactant? ...
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Type II pneumocyte
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Which cell type lines the alveoli? ...
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Type I pneumocyte
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Which leukemia is the result of plasma cell neoplasm?
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Multiple myeloma
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Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is a mast cell involved in? ...
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Type I hypersensitivity reaction
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Which type of immunity do B cells exhibit? ...
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humoral immunity
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After arising from the floor of the primitive pharynx, where does the thryoid diverticulum go? ...
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It descends down into the neck
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After the first breath at birth, what causes closure of the ductus arteriosus? ...
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Increase in O2 saturation
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After the first breath at birth, what causes the closure of the foramen ovale? ...
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A decrease resistance in pulmonary vasculature causes increased left atrial pressure vs. right atrial pressure
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Although the diaphragm descends during development, it maintains innervation from ____? ...
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C3-C5
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An easy pneumonic to remember fetal erythropoiesis is? ...
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Young Liver Synthesizes Blood
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At what time in the course of development is the fetus most susceptible to teratogens? ...
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Weeks 3-8
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Deoxygenated blood from the SVC is expelled into the pulmonary artery and ____ ____ to the lower body of the fetus. ...
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ductus arteriosus
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Do the cardiovascular structures arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm? ...
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Mesoderm
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Do the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm? ...
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Neural Crest (Ectoderm)
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Do the enterochromaffin cells arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm? ...
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Neural Crest (Ectoderm)
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Do the lungs arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm? ...
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Endoderm
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Do the lymphatics arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm? ...
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Mesoderm
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Do the melanocytes arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm? ...
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Neural Crest (Ectoderm)
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Do the neural crest cells arise from mesoderm, ectoderm, or endoderm? ...
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Ectoderm
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Do the odontoblasts arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm? ...
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Neural Crest (Ectoderm)
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Do the parafollicular (C) cells of the thyroid arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm? ...
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Neural Crest (Ectoderm)
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Do the Schwann cells arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm? ...
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Neural Crest (Ectoderm)
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Do the urogenital structures arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm? ...
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Mesoderm
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Does blood arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm? ...
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Mesoderm
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Does bone arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm? ...
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Mesoderm
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Does muscle arise from neural crest (ectoderm), mesoderm, or endoderm? ...
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Mesoderm
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