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97 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Peptidoglycan
1) Function 2) Chemical composition 3) G(+)/G(-) |
Function
- Gives rigid support, protects against osmotic pressure Chemical composition - Sugar backbone with cross-linked peptide side chains G(+) and G(-) |
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Bacterial Cell wall
1) Function 2) Chemical composition 3) G(+)/G(-) |
Function
- Major surface antigen Chemical composition - Peptidoglycan, cytoplasmic membrane, teichoic acid G(+) only |
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Techoic acid
1) Importance 2) G(+)/G(-) |
Importance
- Induces TNF and IL-1 G(+) only |
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Bacterial Outer Membrane
1) Function 2) Chemical composition 3) G(+)/G(-) |
Function
- Endotoxin, surface antigen Chemical composition - Lipopolysaccharide G(-) only |
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Plasma membrane
1) Function 2) Chemical composition 3) G(+)/G(-) |
Function
- Site of oxidative and transport enzymes Chemical composition - Lipoprotein bilayer G(+)/G(-) |
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Capsule
1) Function 2) Chemical composition 3) G(+)/G(-) |
Function
- Protects against phagocytosis Chemical composition - Polysaccharide G(+)/G(-) |
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Bacillus anthracis Capsule
1) Chemical composition |
Chemical composition
- D-glutamate |
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Pilus/fimbria
1) Function 2) Chemical composition 3) G(+)/G(-) |
Function
- Mediate adherence of bacteria to cell surface - Sex pilus forms attachment between 2 bacteria during conjugation Chemical composition - Glycoprotein G(+)/G(-) |
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Flagellum
1) Function 2) Chemical composition 3) G(+)/G(-) |
Function
- Motility Chemical composition - Protein G(+)/G(-) |
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Spore
1) Function 2) Chemical composition 3) G(+)/G(-) |
Function
- Provides resistance to dehydration, heat and chemicals Chemical composition - Keratin-like coat - Dipicolinic acid G(+)/G(-) |
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Plasmid
1) Function 2) Chemical composition 3) G(+)/G(-) |
1) Function
- Contains a variety of genes for antibiotic resistance, enzymes and toxins Chemical composition - DNA G(+)/G(-) |
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Glycocalyx
1) Function 2) Chemical composition 3) G(+)/G(-) |
Function
- Mediates adherence to surfaces, especially foreign surfaces (e.g. indwelling catheters) Chemical composition - Polysaccharide G(+)/G(-) |
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Bacterial Periplasmic Space
1) Importance 2) G(+)/G(-) |
Importance
- Location of Beta-lactamases G(-) only |
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G(+) Coccus Bacteria
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G(+) Coccus Bacteria
- Staphylococcus - Streptococcus |
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G(-) Coccus Bacteria
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G(-) Coccus Bacteria
- Neisseria |
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G(+) Rod Bacteria
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G(+) Rod Bacteria
- Clostridium - Corynebacterium - Bacillus - Listeria - Mycobacterium |
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G(-) Rod Bacteria
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G(-) Rod Bacteria
Enterics - E. coli - Shigella - Salmonella - Yersinia - Klebsiella - Proteus - Enterobacter - Serratia - Vibrio - Campylobacter - Helicobacter - Pseudomonas - Bacteroides Non-enterics - Haemophilus - Legionella - Bordetella - Yersinia - Francisella - Brucella - Pasteurella - Bartonella - Gardnerella |
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G(+) Branching Filamentous Bacteria
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G(+) Branching Filamentous Bacteria
- Actinomyces - Nocardia |
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Pleomorphic Bacteria
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Pleomorphic Bacteria
- Rickettsiae - Chlamydiae |
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Spiral Bacteria
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Spiral Bacteria
- Leptospira - Borrelia - Treponema |
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No Cell Wall Bacteria
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No Cell Wall Bacteria
- Mycoplasma |
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Bacteria With Cell Membranes Containing Sterols
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Bacteria With Cell Membranes Containing Sterols
- Mycoplasma |
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Bacteria With Cell Membranes Containing Mycolic Acid and High Lipid Content
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Bacteria With Cell Membranes Containing Mycolic Acid and High Lipid Content
- Mycobacteria |
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Bacteria that do not stain well with gram stain
(Mnemonic hint available) |
Bacteria that do not stain well with gram stain
- Treponema (too thin) - Rickettsia (intracellular) - Mycobacteria (high-lipid content) - Mycoplasma (no cell wall) - Legionella pneumophila (intracellular) - Chlamydia (intracellular) |
Mnemonic Hint: These Rascals May Microscopically Lack Color
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Organisms Seen With Giemsa's Stain
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Bacteria Seen With Giemsa's Stain
- Borrelia - Plasmodium - Trypanosomes - Chlamydia |
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Organisms Seen With Ziehl-Neelsen Stain
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Bacteria Seen With Ziehl-Neelsen Stain
- Acid-fast bacteria - All mycobacterium |
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Organisms Seen With India Ink Stain
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Organisms Seen With India Ink Stain
- Cryptococcus neoformans |
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Organisms Seen With Silver Stain
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Organisms Seen With Silver Stain
- Fungi - Legionella |
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Special Media To Culture H. influenzae
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Special Media To Culture H. influenzae
- Chocolate agar with factors V (NAD) and X (hematin |
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Special Media To Culture N. gonorrhoeae
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Special Media To Culture N. gonorrhoeae
- Thayer-Martin media |
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Special Media To Culture B. pertussis
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Special Media To Culture B. pertussis
- Bordet-Gengou (potato) agar |
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Special Media To Culture C. diphtheriae
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Special Media To Culture C. diphtheriae
- Tellurite plate - Loffler's media |
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Special Media To Culture M. tuberculosis
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Special Media To Culture M. tuberculosis
- Lowenstein-Jensen agar |
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Special Media To Culture M. pneumoniae
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Special Media To Culture M. pneumoniae
- Eaton's agar |
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Special Media To Culture E. coli
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Special Media To Culture E. coli
- Eosin-methylene blue (EMB) agar |
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Special Media To Culture Lactose-fermenting enterics
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Special Media To Culture Lactose-fermenting enterics
- Pink colonies on MacConkey's agar |
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Special Media To Culture Legionella
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Special Media To Culture Legionella
- Charcoal yeast extract agar buffered with iron and cysteine |
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Special Media To Culure Fungi
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Special Media To Culture Fungi
- Sabouraud's agar |
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Obligate Aerobic Bacteria
(Mnemonic hint available) |
Obligate Aerobic Bacteria
- Nocardia - Pseudomonoas aeruginosa - Mycobacterium tuberculosis - Bacillus |
Mnemonic Hint: Nagging Pests Must Breathe
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Most likely location of M. tuberculosis and reason for it
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Most likely location of M. tuberculosis and reason for it
- M. tuberculosis has a predilection for the apices of the lung which have the highest PO2 |
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Obligate Anaerobic Bacteria
(Mnemonic hint available) Why are they O2 sensitive? |
Obligate Anaerobic Bacteria
- Clostridium - Bacteroides - Actinomyces Why are they O2 sensitive? - Lack catalase and/or superoxide dismutase and thus susceptible to oxidative damage |
Mnemonic Hint: Can't Breathe Air
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Obligate Intracellular Bacteria
(Mnemonic hint available) |
Obligate Intracellular Bacteria
- Rickettsia - Chlamydia |
Mnemonic Hint: (Stay inside cells when its) Really Cold
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Faculative intracellular Bacteria
(Mnemonic hint available) |
Faculative intracellular Bacteria
- Salmonella - Neisseria - Brucella - Mycobacterium - Listeria - Francisella - Legionella - Yersinia |
Mnemonic Hint: Some Nasty Bugs May Live FaculativeLY
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Encapsulated Bacteria
(Mnemonic hint available) |
Encapsulated Bacteria
- Streptococcus pneumoniae - Neisseria meningitidis - Haemonphilus influenzae (especially B serotype) - Klebsiella pneumoniae |
Mnemonic Hint: Some Nasties Have Kapsules
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Quellung Reaction
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Quellung Reaction
- If encapsulated bug is present, capsule swells when specific anticapsular antisera is added |
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Urease-positive Bacteria
(Mnemonic hint available) |
Urease-positive Bacteria
- Proteus - Klebsiella - H. pylori - Ureaplasma |
Mnemonic Hint: Particular Kinds Have Urease
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Yellow Pigment Bacteria
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Yellow Pigment Bacteria
- Staphylococcus aureus |
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Blue-green Pigment Bacteria
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Blue-green Pigment Bacteria
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
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Red Pigment Bacteria
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Red Pigment Bacteria
- Serratia marcescens |
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Protein A
1) Bacteria that have it 2) Function |
Bacteria that have it
- Staphylococcus aureus Function - Binds Fc region of Ig - Distrupts opsonization and phagocytosis |
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IgA protease
1) Bacteria that have it 2) Function |
Bacteria that have it
- S. pneumonia - H. influenzae - Neisseria Function - Enzyme that cleaves IgA |
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M protein
1) Bacteria that have it 2) Function |
Bacteria that have it
- Group A streptococcal Function - Helps prevent phagocytosis |
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S. aureus exotoxins
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S. aureus exotoxin
- TSST-1 superantigen causes toxic shock syndrome (fever, rash, shock) - Exotoxins that cause food poisoning (exfoliatin) |
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S. pyogenes exotoxins
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S. pyogenes exotoxins
- Scarlet fever-erthrogenic toxin that causes toxic shock-like syndrome - Streptolysin O is a hemolysin; antigen for ASO antibody |
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Corynebacterium diphtheriae exotoxin
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Corynebacterium diphtheriae exotoxin
- A-B toxin - Inactivates elongation factor (EF-2) - Causes pharyngitis and "pseudomembrane" in throat |
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Vibrio cholerae exotoxin
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Vibrio cholerae exotoxin
- A-B toxin - Stimulates adenylate cyclase - Increases pumping of Cl- in gut and decreases Na+ absorption - H2O moves into the gut lumen causing rice-water diarrhea |
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E. coli exotoxins
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E. coli exotoxins
- Heat-labile A-B toxin that stimulates adenylate cyclase - Heat-stable A-B toxin that stimulates guanylate cyclase - Both cause watery diarrhea |
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Bordetella pertussis exotoxin
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Bordetella pertussis exotoxin
- A-B exotoxin - Increases cAMP by inhibiting Galpha1 - Causes whooping cough - Inhibits chemokine receptor - Causes lymphocytosis |
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Clostridium perfringens exotoxin
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Clostridium perfringens exotoxin
- Alpha toxin that causes gas gangrene - Get double zone of hemolysis on blood agar |
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Clostridium tetani exotoxin
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Clostridium tetani exotoxin
- Blocks the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters GABA and glycine - Causes "lockjaw" |
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Clostridium botulinum exotoxin
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Clostridium botulinum exotoxin
- Blocks the release of ACh - Causes anticholinergic symptoms - CNS paralysis, especially of cranial nerves |
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Bacillus anthracis exotoxin
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Bacillus anthracis exotoxin
- Edema factor, part of the toxin complex is an adenylate cyclase |
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Shigella exotoxin
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Shigella exotoxin
- Shiga toxin - Cleaves host cell rRNA (inactivates 60S ribosome - Enhances cytokine release causing HUS |
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Endotoxin
1) What is it 2) How does it cause problems |
What is it?
- A lipopolysaccharide found in cell wall of gram-negative bacteria How does it cause problems? - Activates macrophages, IL-1->Fever, TNF->Fever, Hemorrhagic tissue necrosis, Nitric oxide->Hypotension(shock) - Activates complement (alternative pathway) - C3a->Hypotension Edema, C5a->Neutrophil chemotaix - Activates Hageman factor->Coagulation cascade->DIC |
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Description of the bacterial growth curve
1) Steps 2) Description of steps |
Bacterial growth curve
1) Lag phase - Metabolic activity without division 2) Log phase - Rapid cell division 3) Stationary phase - Nutrient depletion slows growth (some spores form) 4) Death phase |
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Lysogenic phage toxins
(Mnemonic hint available) |
ShigA-like toxin
Botulinum toxin Cholera toxin Diphtheria toxin Erythrogenic toxin of Streptococcus pyogenes |
Mnemonic hint
ABCDE |
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G(+) cocci, Catalase (+)
How do you differentiate them? |
G(+) cocci, Catalase +
Staphylococcus How do you differentiate them? Coagulase (+) S. aureus Coagulase (-) Novobiocin sen -> S. epidermidis Novobiocin res -> S. saprophyticus |
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G(+) cocci, Catalase (-)
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G(+) cocci, Catalase (-)
Streptococcus How do you differentiate them? α-Hemolysis Capsule (+) quellung, Optochin sen, bile soluble -> S. pneumoniae No capsule, Optochin res, not bile soluble -> S. mutans β-Hemolysis Bacitracin sen -> S. pyogenes Bacitracin res -> S. agalactiae γ-Hemolysis E. faecalis |
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G(+) rods
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G(+) rods
Clostridium Corynebacterium Listeria Bacillus |
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α-Hemolysis
What does it mean? What bacteria are α-Hemolytic and how do you differentiate them? |
What does it mean?
Form green ring around colonies on blood agar What bacteria are α-Hemolytic and how do you differentiate them? Streptococcus pneumoniae (optochin sen) Streptococcus mutans (optochin res) |
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β-Hemolysis
What does it mean? What bacteria are β-Hemolytic and how do you differentiate them? |
What does it mean?
Form clear area of hemolysis on blood agar. What bacteria are β-Hemolytic and how do you differentiate them? Staph. aureus (catalase (+) and goagulase (+)) Strep. pyogenes (bacitracin sen) Strep. agalactiae (bacitracin res) Listeria monocytogenes (tumbling motility, meningitis in newborns, unpasteurized milk) |
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γ-Hemolysis
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Misnomer (no hemolysis)
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Catalase test
What is it? What organisms are differentiated? |
What is it?
Tests the presents of catalase which breaks down H2O2 What organisms are differentiated? Staphylococcus are Cat(+) Streptococcus are Cat(-) |
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Coagulase test
What organisms are differentiated? |
What organisms are differentiated?
S. aureus is Coag(+) S. epidermidis is Coag(-) S. saprophyticus is Coag(-) |
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Staphylococcus aureus
Virulence factors and toxins? Other diseases? |
Virulence factors
Protein A - binds Fc-IgG inhibiting complement fixation and phagocytosis TSST-1 toxin - toxic shock syndrome Exfoliative toxin - scalded skin syndrome Enterotoxins - rapid-onset food poisoning Other diseases - acute bacterial endocarditis - osteomyelitis |
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Staphylococcus epidermidis
Where is it found? What does it infect? |
Where is it found?
Component of normal skin flora What does it infect? Infects prosthetic devices and catheters Contaminates blood cultures |
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Streptococcus pneumoniae
How do you ID in lab? What does it cause? |
How do you ID in lab?
Catalase (+) α-Hemolytic Encapsulated IgA protease Bile soluble Optochin sen What does it cause? Meningitis Otitis media Pneumonia Sinusitis |
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Viridans group streptococci
Lab ID? Normally found where? What does it cause? |
Lab IDs?
α-Hemolytic, optochin res Normally found where? Normally found in the oropharynx What does it cause? Dental caries (S. mutans) Subacute bacterial endocarditis (S. sanguis) |
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Streptococcus pyogenes
Lab ID? What does it cause? How do you detect recent infections? |
Lab ID?
Bacitracin sen, Cat(-), β-Hemolytic What does it cause? Pyogenic - pharyngitis, cellulitis, impetigo Toxigenic - scarlet fever, toxic shock syndrome Immunologic - rheumatic fever, acute glomerulonephritis How do you detect recent infections? ASO titer detects recent S. pyogenes infections |
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Streptococcus agalactiae
Lab ID? What does it cause? What patient population do you most worry about this in? |
Lab ID?
Cat(-), Coag(-), β-Hemolytic, Bacitracin resistant What does it cause? Pneumonia, meningitis, sepsis What patient population do you most worry about this in? Babies |
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Enterococci (E. faecalis, E. faecium)
Lab ID? What do these cause? Resistance? |
Lab ID?
Cat(-), Coag(-), γ-Hemolytic, grows in 6.5%NaCl What do these cause? UTI Subacute endocarditis Resistance? Penicillin G res VRE (vancomycin-resistant enterococci) |
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Streptococcus bovis
Highly associated with what? |
Highly associated with what?
Colon cancer |
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Diphtheria (and exotoxin)
What organism does this come from? Lab ID? MOA? Symptoms? |
What organism does this come from?
Corynebacterium diphtheriae Lab ID? Gram(+) rods with metachromatic granules Grows on tellurite agar MOA? Inhibits protein synthesis via ADP ribosylation of EF-2 Symptoms? Pseudomembranous pharyngitis (grayish-white membrane) with lymphadenopathy ABCDEFG: ADP ribosylation Beta-prophage Corynebacterium Diphtheriae Elongation Factor 2 Granules |
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Bacterial spores
Which bacteria form bacterial spores? |
Which bacteria form bacterial spores?
Bacillus anthracis Clostridium perfringens Clostridium tetani B. cereus C. botulinum |
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Clostridia (with exotoxins)
Lab ID? Toxins and their effects? |
Lab ID?
Gram(+), spore-forming, obligate anaerobic bacilli Toxins and their effects? Tetanus toxin - causes tetanic paralysis - blocks glycine release Botulinum toxin - heat-labile toxin - inhibits ACh release and the neuromuscular junction - ingestion of preformed toxin in adults - ingestion of bacterial spores in honey causes floppy baby syndrome C. perfringens - produces α toxin that can cause gas gangrene and hemolysis C. difficile - produces a cytotoxin - exotoxin that kills enterocytes causing pseudomembranous colitis - often secondary to clindamycin or ampicillin use |
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Listeria monocytogenes
How is it acquired? Method of cell to cell movement? Lab ID? Causes? |
How is it acquired?
Ingestion of unpasteurized milk/cheese and deli meats or by vaginal transmission during birth Method of cell to cell movement? Form "actin rockets" by which they move from cell to cell Lab ID? Only Gram(+) with endotoxin, characteristic tumbling motility Causes? Amnionitis, septicemia, spontaneous abortion, granulomatosis infantiseptica, neonatal meningitis, meningitis in immunocompromised patients, mild gastroenteritis in healthy individuals |
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Bacillus anthracis
Lab ID? Causes? |
Lab ID?
Gram(+), rod Spore-forming Protein capsule Causes? Skin contact - malignant pustule (painless ulcer) - can progress to bacteremia and death Inhalation of spores - flulike symptoms that rapidly progress to fever, pulmonary hemorrhage, mediastinitis and shock Woolsorters' disease - inhalation of spores from contaminated wool |
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Actinomyces israelii and Nocardia asteroides
Similarities? Differences? |
Similarities
Both are gram(+) rods that form long branching filaments resembling fungi Differences Actinomyces israelii - anaerobe that causes oral/facial abscesses, forms yellow sulfur granules Nocardia asteroides - weakly acid-fast aerobe in soil - causes pulmonary infection in immunocompromised patients |
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Ghon complexes
What are they? What does it indicate? |
What are they?
TB granulomas (Ghon focus) with lobar and perihilar lymph node involvement What does it indicate? Indicates primary TB infection or exposure |
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis symptoms
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TB symptoms
Fever, night sweats, weight loss and hemoptysis |
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Mycobacterium leprae
Lab ID? Symptoms? Treatment? Natural reservoir in US? |
Lab ID?
Acid-fast bacillus that cannot be grown in vitro Symptoms? Loss of eyebrows Nasal collapse Lumpy earlobe "Leonine facies" Treatment Dapsone Rifampin Clofazimine Natural reservoir in US? Armadillos |
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Lactose Fermenting Bacteria
How do you test for L(+) bacteria? What bacteria are L(+)? |
How do you test for L(+) bacteria?
Culture on MacConkey's agar, pink colonies denote L(+) growth. What bacteria are L(+)? Citrobacter Klebsiella E. coli Enterobacter Serratia |
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Neisseria Gonococci
Lab ID? Vaccine? Route of Transmission? Causes what? |
Lab ID?
G(-) Cocci Does NOT ferment maltose No polysaccharide capsule Vaccine? No vaccine Route of Transmission? Sexually transmitted Causes what? gonorrhea, septic arthritis, neonatal conjunctivitis, PID |
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Neisseria Meningococci
Lab ID? Vaccine? Route of Transmission? Causes what? |
Lab ID?
G(-) Cocci Ferments maltose Polysaccharide capsule Vaccine? Vaccine available. Route of Transmission? Respiratory and oral secretions Causes what? Meningococcemia Meningitis Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome |
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Haemophilus influenzae
Lab ID? Route of transmission? Causes what? Treatment? Most virulent strain? |
Lab ID?
Small G(-) coccobacillary rod IgA protease Culture on chocolate agar (requires factor V (NAD) and X (hematin) Route of transmission? Aerosol transmssion Causes what? Epiglottitis Meningitis Otitis media Pneumonia Treatment? Treat meningitis with ceftriaxone Rifampin prophylaxis Most virulent strain? Capsular type B |
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Legionella pneumophila
Lab ID? Causes what? Transmission? Treatment? |
Lab ID?
G(-) rod (gram stains poorly) Silver stain Grow on charcoal yeast extract culture with iron and cysteine Causes what? Legioinnaires' disease - severe pneumonia Pontiac fever - mild influenza Transmission No person-to-person transmission Aerosol transmission from environmental water source Treatment? Erythromycin Causes what? Transmission? Treatment? |
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa
What does it cause? (Mnemonic hint available) Lab ID? Treatment? MOA? Patient population? |
What does it cause?
- Pneumonia (especially in CF) - Sepsis (Black skin lesions) - External otitis - UTI - Drug use and Diabetic Osteomyelitis Lab ID? - Aerobic G(-) Rod - Lac(-) - Oxi(+) - Produces pyocyanin (blue-green pigment) - Grape-like odor Treatment? - Aminoglycoside plus extended-spectrum penicillin (eg. piperacillin, ticarcillin) MOA? - Endotoxin - Exotoxin A (inactivates EF-2) Patient population? - Burn and wound victims |
Mnemonic Hint:
PSEUDO |
