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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
What are four latin-based neuroanatomical terms indicating "up", "down", "front", "back"
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Superior = up (towards head)
Inferior = down(towards feet) Anterior = front(chest) Posterior = back |
SIAP (Mnemonic)
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What are the four orientation names which *shift direction* above the midbrain in humans?
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Rostral, Caudal, Ventral, Dorsal
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Why do the Greek-based names shift direction above the midbrain in humans?
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In humans, the brain makes a 90-degree bend to allow eyes to face forward while walking upright. (Lizards don't need this!)
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Name the three "anatomical planes of section" (or planes of dissection).
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Coronal, Sagital, Horizontal (also called "axial", "transverse")
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The Horizontal section is ________ to the floor when you are standing upright
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Parallel (in the same plane as the floor ). Cuts in the same direction as a guillotine!
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You can remember the "Sagittal" plane of section because the "Sagittarius" constellation represents an ____________.
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Archer. So when you picture yourself holding a bow and arrow, that's the "Sagittal Plane". So the "mid-sagittal" plane cuts the brain cuts the brain into left and right hemispheres.
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The coronal plane is so called because a t_ _ _ _ (type of crown) worn on the head forms the same plane.
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Tiara. So the coronal plane is parallel to the front of the face.
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"Parasagital" means _______
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A sagittal plane which is just off the midline (i.e., doesn't exactly cut the brain into left and right halves).
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**The human nervous system is divided into two main parts: The peripheral nervous system and the _________.
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Central nervous system (CNS)
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**The central nervous system consists of the _________ and __________ cord, and develops during development out of cells that form the _______ tube.
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Brain, Spinal Cord. Neural Tube.
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**The upper neural tube gradually forms various bulges which develop into the brain, while the lower part forms the spinal cord. The fluid-filled space within the neural tube itself develops into fluid-filled spaces within the brain called the v_______, containing ________ fluid.
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Ventricles, cerebrospinal fluid.
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Together, the midbrain, pons, and medulla are referred to as the ___________, which is the most evolutionarily ancient part of the brain.
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Brain stem. If you recall the brain model in class, the main part of the brain (Forebrain) sits like a huge cauliflower on top of the stalk-like midbrain.
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**The part of the brain that sits like a cauliflower on the "stalk" of the midbrain is called the F_ _ _BRAIN (no spaces in this word).
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Forebrain
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**The forebrain has two main divisions, which you can remember by recalling that one part contains the thalamus and hypothalamus, and the other part contains everything else above it.
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1) Diencephalon ("two brains" = thalamus, hypothalamus)
2) Telencephalon ("top" or "end" brain)--includes structures like basal ganglia, cortex, white matter, etc. |
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**The peripheral nervous system consists of ______, _______, _________ and _______, and ___________
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Cranial nerves + ganglia; Spinal nerves + ganglia; sympathetic + parasympathetic;
Enteric nervous system |
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A "ganglion" is simply a collection of ____________. Unlike a "nucleus", it located in the p_________ nervous system rather than the central nervous system.
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nerve cells (neuron cell bodies); peripheral. For example, there is a cranial nerve ganglion which controls aspects of eye-movement. Cranial nerves typically are attached to ganglia located in the brain stem.
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Cranial nerves are typically attached to ganglia located in the ________ ________.
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Brain stem
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A neuron typically consists of a _______ ______ with nucleus, a thread-like structure which typically collects input called a ________, and an output structure called an _______.
The input and output structures are like "wires", which may or may not be covered with "insulation" (myelin) |
Cell body, axon, dentrite.
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"White matter" typically consists of ________ covered with insulation called ________. In effect, white matter are "wires" connecting different parts of the brain.
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Axons, myelin.
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Communication between neurons typically takes place at s___________.
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Synapses
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**Two general types of synapses exist. They are _________ and ___________. The __________ type is probably the most common.
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Chemical (uses neurotransmitters) and electrical (direct electrical coupling between neurons). Chemical is most common.
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"Gray matter" consists primarily of _______ bodies. Synapses are also usually gray matter.
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Cell bodies (appear gray because they are not covered with fatty, white myelin sheath).
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Dopamine, seratonin, norepinephrine, acetylcholine, GABA, Glutamate, Histamine, Glycine, peptides are all examples of _______________ and are found at synapses.
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Neurotransmitters.
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**"Afferent" nerve fibers carry impulses (away/towards) a structure?
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towards. Thus sensory nerves are usually "afferent", because they carry information towards the brain.
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**"Efferent" nerve fibers carry impulses (away/towards a structure)?
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Away. (Efferent = "exit"). Thus, motor fibers are usually "efferent".
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**A collection of nerve fibers (usually myelinated nerve fibers) is called by several different names. Name two.
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Possibilities are: Tract, fascicle (or fasciculus), lemniscus, or bundle.
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**A white matter pathway that connects identical structures on both sides of the brain is called a c__________.
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Commissure. Two main commisures: anterior, posterior. In addition, the corpus callosum is a massive fiber tract connecting the two halves of the brain.
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**In the spinal cord, d_______ nerve roots convey mainly sensory information into the spinal cord, while v_______ nerve roots convey mainly motor information out of the spinal cord to muscles, etc.
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dorsal, ventral
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**The sympathetic nervous system controls mainly "Flight or fight" responses, and releases the neurotransmitter ____________. It arises from the lower part of the spinal cord.
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norepinephrine.
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**The parasympathetic nervous system is generally involved with sedentary/conservation activities (e.g., digestion) and is associated with the neurotransmitter ___________. It arises from the upper part of the spinal cord and cranial nerves.
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acetylcholine.
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"Bumps" or ridges in the cerebral cortex are called ______________. The crevices or folds are called __________________.
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Gyri (singular = "gyrus"), Sulci (singular = "sulcus")
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The brain becomes phylogentically more ancient (and less easily damaged by injury) as you move in which direction?
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In a caudal direction (or inferior, down, towards the bottom)
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Name three mnemonic/organizational principles regarding neuroanatomy mentioned in lecture.
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Possible answers: 1) "proximity" (structures close together tend to have similar function and are wired together).
2) Incorporation or"cannibalization" (the function of older structures is often incorporated into newer, more complex structures). 3) |
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Name the three parts of the brain stem, in correct order from caudal to rostral.
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Medulla, pons, midbrain.
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Sitting on the top of the brain-stem (back of neck, ventral) like a “hat” is the
______________, a structure which looks a bit like a cauliflower and is involved in motor control. |
Cerebellum
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What structure forms the roof of the fourth ventricle? HINT: It is involved in motor control, and has two hemispheres.
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Cerebellum
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Name a prototypical function of the medulla, mentioned in lecture.
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Regulation of vital functions, such as respiration, blood pressure, etc.
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What ventricle is associated with the medulla (at least in part).
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Fourth ventricle.
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Where is most cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)manufactured (two word answer, not "lateral ventricles").
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The *chorid plexes* (plurual) which line the lateral ventricals.
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As we proceed further rostrally from the medulla (towards the head), we next encounter a structure known as the ________.
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Pons.
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On the ventral side of the pons is a large bulge which contains fiber tracts from the cerebellum. This bulge is referred to as the c______ c______ or (alternativeLY the c_________ p_________
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"Crus Cerebri" or "cerebral peduncles"
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Climbing higher (rostrally) from the pons, we come to the next structure, which looks like a relatively thin “stalk” is called the _________.
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Midbrain
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The midbrain seems to connect the stalk-like brain stem to the main part of the brain, which sits like a huge cauliflower on the stalk. The huge califlower (includes basal banglia, thalamus, cortex, corona radiata, etc) as a whole is referred to as the ________________.
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Forebrain.
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The forebrain consists of two major subdivisions. HINT: They both have "encephalon" in the name
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1) "Diencephalon"--means "two brains" (consists of thalamus, hypothalamus) and
2) "Telencelphalon" -- means "top" or "end" brain(consist of everyting else in the forebrain). |
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The stalk-like structure described above contains some funny bumps on the dorsal (back of the neck) side, called the superior ___________ and the inferior _____________. The large, top set of bumps is related _______ functioning (a type of sensory information), while the second, smaller bumps are related to ____________ functioning (type of sensory information).
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Superior, Inferior, Vision, Hearing.
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The midbrain contains which part of the ventricular system?
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"Cerebral acquaduct" or "Aquaduct of Sylvius"
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