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102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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*Type
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recurring pattern of narrative plot; often suggested by title
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communal re-creation
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oral folklore varies as it is passed from person to person in a folkgroup, each member contributes to its variations
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fairy tale
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fictional folktales, involving heroes, tasks, magic, etc. unspecified time and place
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folklore
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materials in culture that circulate traditionally among members of any group in different versions
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folktale
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fictional folk narratives as opposed to myths and legends, which are believed, or at least told as if true
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informant (storyteller, singer, craftsman)
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human source from whom folklore is collected
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*urban legend
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narratives that deal with realistic incidents set in the past...told as true stories and are often believed
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motif
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narrative unit, such as character, object, or action, that serves as a building block of folk stories of all kinds (smallest meaningful component)
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proto-legend
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raw material for a possible future legend in the form of a rumor or folk-belief
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rumor
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a brief, anonymous, unverified report of a supposed event that circulates by word of mouth in the mass media
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subtype
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a group of folk narrative texts with distinctively developed plots that still share basic plot features in common with other ____ of a larger general pattern of a narrative
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theme
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general topic, particular message, viewpoint, or attitude
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variant
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used both for any text of a folk narrative (or other kind of oral lore) and for a distinctively developed group of texts
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What makes up the content?
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type and motif
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Style (3)
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1) realistic detail
2) an unpolished style 3) authentication (FOAF) |
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*Form/Structure (3)
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1) risky situation
2) worst case scenario *3) twist at the end |
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Function
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an interpretation of the use and meaning of an item of folklore
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William Bascom ""
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overarching function of all folklore is to *maintain the stability of culture
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Manifest
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obvious
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*Latent
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hidden function
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Bascom's 4 functions
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1) entertainment/amusement
2) education 3) validate culture 4) maintain conformity |
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Context
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everything that makes up the performance situation; attention to context helps determine function
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*Cultural Frame of Reference (3)
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includes allusions to
1) objects *2) stereotypes *3) attitudes or beliefs (shared worldview) |
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Folklife
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includes all products of tradition, but the term is often associated with customs, rituals, and material culture rather than verbal traditions
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Fakelore
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a term coined by Richard Dorson to identify products created by writers but passed off as folklore; a negative term for reflecting a judgment that a given item is not genuine folklore
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folklore is learned through...
can be identified as... |
process of sharing (face-to-face, informal contexts) and traditional and variable when recorded and compared
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*Folklore materials are typically, but not always...
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1) orally presented
2) traditional-recognized as repeated through time and space 3) Found to exist in multiple versions 4) anonymous, cannot be documented or attributed to a single individual 5) expressive, artistic; that is, it exhibits aesthetic style and form |
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Folk Speech and naming (ONOMASTICS)
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study of names
Place names: name choices reflecting cultural background Personal Naming practices: family given names |
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*True Proverb
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traditional wisdom expressed in a fixed, metaphorical statement; form-*complete sentence, often with rhyme alliteration, parallelism
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Proverbial phrase
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relatively fixed metaphorical phrase (not a complete sentence)
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Proverbial comparison
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fixed comparative phrase using "like", "as", or "than"
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*Wellerism
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*a saying in the form of a quotation followed by a phrase ascribing the quotation to someone
"you're the devil" |
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Traditional Puns
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a saying that is a play on words
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Insults and retorts
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traditional derogatory statements and responses
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Euphemisms
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a milder substitution for an offensive expression (something not allowed to be talked about in public)
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True riddle
*Form of riddle |
describes ordinary things in unexpected language;*description, block, and answer
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riddle-joke
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a riddle question answered by the teller and intended to be funny
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catch riddle
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a riddle that tricks the listener into proposing a wrong or obscene answer
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non-verbal riddles
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a picture riddle that is interpreted by adopting an unusual perspective
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tongue-twister
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a sequence of similar sounds, difficult to say in succession
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Nursery rhymes, *Rhyme parodies
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short verses intended for children, and *copies of them with playful changes created by kids
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Play rhymes (counting-out rhymes/jump-rope rhymes)
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rhymes used to play games, choose players, or keep rhythm
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Rhymed insults, playing the dozens
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insulting verses or obscene but poetic images exchanged between two people, usually directed at other's mother
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Graffiti, epitaphs, latrinalia
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short, traditional written verses found on walls, desks, grave markers, or in restroom stalls
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the limerick
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five-line poem (often humorous or risque) that rhymes aabba and has a stress pattern of 3/3/2/2/3
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emic
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insider categories, culture category
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etic
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scholarly category--what we've studied
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paradigm
--and who wrote about it |
shared set of concepts, theories, and methods that guides research in a given field study
Thomas Kuhn |
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cultural literacy
--who claimed it |
Hirsch claims teachers often overlook the need to know "stuff" along with process when learning to read
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Folklore as discipline
--who coined it --what school granted the first American PhD in Folklore |
William Thoms
Indiana University |
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the items of folklore a person knows
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*repertoire
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the condition of being the same with something described; the distinguishing character or personality of an individual
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identity
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standardized mental picture that is held in common by members of a group that represents an opinion, prejudiced attitude, or uncritical judgment
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*stereotypes
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customary beliefs, verbal expressions, social forms, and material objects of an identifiable group of people.
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culture
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unique set of folk groups that collectively contribute to an individual's repertoire of active and passive folklore
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cultural thumbprint
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one who knows but no longer uses and item of folklore
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passive bearer
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descriptive study of a group and its culture, based on data primarily obtained from fieldwork
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ethnography
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Describe:
Amish dress- Transportation- Customs (funeral)- Language- Gender- Home- Names- Technology- Farm Chores- Esoteric and Exoteric terms (Amish vs. American)- Religious Customs- Folk Cures- |
Dress- plain Transportation- horse and buggy; slow moving vehicle, amber lights Customs-funeral at house Language-Platt Deutsch for everyday (low German), high German for religious services Gender-separate rooms/tables Home-no curtains at windows Names-biblical (Jacob, Eli, Rachel..etc.) Technology-no electricity, vehicles, phones, use pumps however Chores-hand milking, horses Amish (plain) vs. American (English or Yankee) Religious custom-grace before meals Folk Cure-poultice for infection
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non-violent or non-participation in war, Eli's response to handguns and violence ways to handle it
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Pacifists
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humility, the rationale for their dress and customs
emic |
Gelassenheit (etic or emic)
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proud or non-conforming behavior
emic |
Hochmut (etic or emic)
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Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft (emic or etic)
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emic terms, relate to Gelassenheit and Hochmut (GM is Gel, GS is Hoch), Gemeinschaft relates to community oriented activity while Gesellschaft is individual oriented activity
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Examples of Esoteric-Exoteric factor from THE WITNESS
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Aim-ish, bullying, "cousin from Ohio" recognizing differences within Amish tradition, not entirely homogeneous
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any group of people that share at least one common factor and has own traditions
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folk group
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oral rules for behavior in Amish
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Ordnung
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shunning of members
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Meidung
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running around, adolescence, time to make decision
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Rumspringa
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what demonstrated the idea that "normal everyday activities" in the US can seem unusual and exotic if viewed from an outside perspective
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Horace Miner's "Body Ritual among the Nacirema (Americans)"
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often assumes a perspective of superstition, ignorance, or belief in magic
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Documenting of others' rituals
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often presumed to be based on "scientific" reasoning or at least confirming evidence in the form of stories
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Explanation of own beliefs
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cultural traditions involving a deity and "the sacred"--formalized shared systems of belief
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Religion
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the blending of differing belief systems, particularly where Roman Catholicism has been introduced to a native population
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Syncretism
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traditional beliefs, often called superstitions, held by members of a group BECAUSE they are members of that group
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Folk beliefs
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Sympathetic Magic- explain function both subtypes
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James Frazer in THE GOLDEN BOUGH-ways that forces can be brought to bear on unconnected objects by drawing on some shared or "sympathetic quality"
homeopathic-similarity (voodoo dolls) contagious-magic of touch or contact (hair, finger nails, and voodoo dolls) |
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something that stands for something else
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symbol
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a narrative told in the first person, relating to a personal encounter with the supernatural, Old Hag
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*Memorate
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a category of patterned, symbolic, behavior often associated with sacred myth and belief, but not always-may be secular
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Ritual
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moving from one stage in life to another, initiations involve: separation, liminality (transition), reincorporation into social group
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Rites of Passage
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beliefs demonstrated by story but not separately articulated
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Embedded beliefs
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traditional modes of behavior that have achieved the status of moral requirements, often as laws
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mores
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the assumption that one's own customs, manners, and mores are the "right" ones while others are "wrong"
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ethnocentrism
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Relevant rituals in Joy Unspeakable
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Altar call (potential for receiving Holy Ghost and speaking or speaking in tongues)
Raising arms in praise and celebration Offering witness |
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a Protestant religion that arose in America in the early 1900's evident in Joy Unspeakable
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Pentecostalism
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Why people converted to Pentecostalism...
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"getting the Holy Ghost" or "getting the baptism"
-memorates or eye witness accounts -Expectations set from other stories |
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biblical story of the Pentecost
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Speaking in Tongues
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unique set of folk groups that collectively contribute to an individual's repertoire of active and passive folklore
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cultural thumbprint
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*Dialect
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traditional deviation from standard speech
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*Defining a Legend/Story
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Content
*Style Form Function |
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*FOAF
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Friend of a friend
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the Polish college entrance exam*
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cultural frame of reference*
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starts in one place, moves around, story stays similar but details vary
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*diffusion
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a rhyme that sets limitations on participants*
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locking rhyme*
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*aggie and pollock joke- what it demonstrated
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*function and content
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*Aggie in story represented...
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*a generic stupid person
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*story on test is...
*stereotype in story... |
Boyfriend's Death*
Gender* |
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*asking about the girl's jumprope thing...
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*PIZZA PIZZA VIDEO
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*when asked about Hook story...
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twist at the end
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*when asked what type of tale it is when it gives warning...
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cautionary tale
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legends
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believable stories, realistic detail and authenticators, set in recent/historical past, concerned with extraordinary events/figures
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Myths
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narratives of cultural or religious beginnings; set in remote past (time before time) and believed to be true (movie with Forest Whitaker)
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Etiological tales
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narratives explaining how something came to be, sacred or humorous, believed or not
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stories of Gods and Culture heroes
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narratives that relate how various cultural beliefs and practices were first introduced
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