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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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range for Na
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135-145 mEq
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fx of Na
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neuromuscular- transmission & conduction of nerve impulses
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symptoms ranging from anorexia, nausea, vomiting, muscular weakness & irritability to gait changes, stupor, seizures, coma
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hyponatremia
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hyponatremia is caused by:
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diuretics
excessive H20 w/sweating fad diets, anorexia nervosa, *gi---vomiting, diarrhea, suction *kidney disease tap water enemas (circ overload) |
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0.9% NaCL
watch I & O VS (pulse rate)-- goes up w/ FVD watch H20 intoxication ABG's respiratory difficulties |
treatment for hyponatremia
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S/S of hypernatremia
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increased thirst
from: dry mucus membranes increased heartrate fever flushed skin To: hallucinations disorientation lethargy seizure,coma |
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hypernatremia caused by:
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increased salt intake
deprivaton of H20 decreased kidney fx (increased conc of lytes) heatstroke head injury |
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treatment of hypernatremia
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decreased salt intake
watch drugs that retain Na monitor Na levels check for rales (chf, pulm edema) urine concentrate and I&O |
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K+ normal range =
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3.5- 5.0 (or 5.3)
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predominant intracellular cation
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K+
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Assists in regulation of acid base balance because K+ can be exchanged with the H+
Regulated by kidneys |
K+
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K+ functions are:
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neuromuscular-transmission & conduction of nerve impulses
cardia-nerve conduction & contraction of myocardium Cellular-enzyme action for cellular energy Regulates osmolarity of intracellular fluids |
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Hypokalemia S/S are:
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anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abd. distention, vertigo, arrhythmias, hypotension, malaise, drowsiness, muscular weakness, confusion, increased urination
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hypokalemia caused by:
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gi losses (lax. abuse, d&v, suctioning)
diuretics (lasix) renal failure malnutrition, alcoholism |
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treatment of hypokalemia
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oral supplements
liquid supplements (very irritating-- dilute with 6-8 oz of H20) |
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hyperkalemia are ranges
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higher than 5.0 (or 5.3)
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S/S of hyperkalemia
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N&V, diarrhea, cramps, arrhythmias, tachycardia and alert unless cardia arrest
decreased urine numbness face, tongue, feet and hands, muscle cramps |
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hyperkalemia caused by:
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excessive K
decreased kidney fx "k" sparing diuretics metabolic acidosis, increased sugar chemo tissue damage, burns (trauma releases K from intracellular) heparin, dig. tox, PCN beta blockers |
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treatment for excess K:
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decrease K thru food and drugs
bicarb (for acidosis) supplemental Ca insulin for increased sugar kayexalate (enema fastest rt) |
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Calcium ranges:
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4-5 mEq/l (mostly in bones and teeth)
a cation |
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Ca regulated by what glands?
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parathyroid and thyroid glands
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Ca does what for body?
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adequate cardia conduction, blood coagulation, bone growth and formation and muscle relaxation
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Hypocalcemia caused by:
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lack of Ca in diet
inadequate Vit D or lack of protein, malabsorption hypomag (proportional to calcium) hyperphosphatemia (inverse to calcium) gi: chronic diarrhea pancreatitis calcium binders |
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S/S of hypocalcemia:
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numbness, tingling of fingers, toes
abd cramps, muscle cramsps in extremities anxiety, irritability, confusion, convulsions HYPERACTIVE deep tendon nuscles, tetnany chvosteks sign trousseaus sign weak cardiac contration(prolonges q-t wave) |
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Chevosteks sign is..
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spasm of facial muscle due to low Ca
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Trousseaus sign is..
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muslce spasm elicited by putting pressure of upper arm
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Management of hypocalcemia is..
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orla calcium w/vit D
10% IV Ca gluconate in D5W monitor serum Ca levels monitor ECG, and VS Teach foods rich in Ca Teach danger of chronic use of laxatives and antacids |
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Hypercalcemia S/S are:
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muscle weakness
tiredness, listlessness, lethargy constipation, anorexia, N&V depression, confusion, apathy muscles flabby, heart block cardia arrest, shortened qt interval, pathological fractures, deep bone pain, Ca stones |
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Hypercalcemia treatment:
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decrease serum Ca by increasing urinary Ca excretion
increase fluid intake encourage activity monitor serum Ca levels monitor VS and ECG, LOC |
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Hypercalcemia etiology:
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increased PTH, Immobility
Cancer (breast, prostate, memlanomas, bone, etc Cellular destruction, bone tumor dietary increased calcium salts, or vit D diuretics, thiazides overuse of Ca containing antacids |
