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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Vision: the temporal lobe detects what? |
Object recognition |
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Vision: the parietal lobe detects what? |
motion |
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What kind of cells bundle together to form the optic nerve? |
Ganglion cells |
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Tract from the retina |
Optic tract projects to dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus Travels in the optic radiation to the primary visual cortex (Area 17) |
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Pupillary Light reflex |
Optic tract projects to lateral geniculate nucleus Projects to ispilateral pretectal nucleus Projects to both Edinger-Westphal nuclei Projects to ciliary gangion and to eye via short ciliary fibers
Afferents: CN II Efferents: CN III |
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What is special about ganglion cells that project to the ciliary ganglion for the pupillary light reflex? |
They have melanopsin and modulate their response to change in light without rods and cones |
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Objects in the temporal field are seen where? |
The nasal field of the retina |
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Objects in the superior field are seen where? |
The inferior field of the retina |
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Is peripheral vision monocular or binocular? |
Monocular |
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Which ganglion cells cross in the chiasm? |
Nasal division |
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Meyer's loop |
Part of the optic radiation that passes through the temporal lobe Carriers info on the superior portion of the contralateral visual field "pie in the sky" defect |
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Macular sparing |
Loss of vision through wide areas of the visual field but not of foveal vision in the center due to duel blood supply |
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stereopsis |
depth perception |
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Vision: Cortical neurons respond to |
orientation of edges |
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Simple cells |
Only on of off |
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Complex cells |
on or off, but some are sensitive to length or direction |
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Vision: How are inputs organized in the LGN? |
Inputs from each eye are separated into ocular dominance columns |
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Vision: How are inputs organized in the cortex? |
Inputs mix and allow for stereopsis |
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Vision: Perpendicular columns in the cortex... |
Share the same orientation preference |
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Magnocellular layer |
Layers 1&2 of LGN Large cell bodies. Detect motion via rods. More extensive dendritic trees. Larger diameter axons |
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Parvocellular layer |
Layers 3-6 in LGN Can transmit info about color via cones |
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Koniocellular layer |
Found between layers of the LGN and projects to layers 2 and 3 or cortex |
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pathway from light to optic nerve |
Light -> photoreceptor -> bipolar cell -> ganglion cell -> optic nerve |
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When are levels of cGMP the highest? |
In the dark |
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What is needed to regenerate 11-cis retinal? |
Vitamin A |
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What do cones use to regenerate 11-cis retinal? |
Muller glial cells |
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Rods need how many photons to respond? |
1 |
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Cones need how many photons to respond? |
More than 100 |
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Which saturates at high illumination-rods or cones? |
Rods |
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Which recover faster from a flash of light-rods or cones? |
Cones |
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Do we have a greater number of rods or cones? |
Rods |
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Where is the highest density of cones? |
Fovea |
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What is found in the foveola? |
Only cones |
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What is the sound frequency range of human hearing? |
20-20,000Hz |
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What parts make up the external ear? |
Pinna, concha, and auditory meatus |
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What is the function of the external ear? |
Gathers sound energy and focuses it on the tympanic membrane |
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What is the function of the middle ear? |
Ensures transmission of sound energy across the fluid-air boundary by increasing the pressure to the oval window |
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What protects the inner ear from loud sounds? |
The tensor tympani and stapedius |
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What are the ossicles? |
malleus, incus, and stapes. They connect the tympanic membrane to the oval window |
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What is the function of the inner ear? |
The cochlea transforms pressure waves into neural impulses |
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How do waves travel in the basilar membrane? |
From the base to the apex |
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Base of the basilar membrane |
High frequency |
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Apex of the basilar membrane |
Low frequency |
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Kinocilium |
Tallest stereocilia. Movement towards it causes depolarization by opening of K+ channels |
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Inner hair cells |
1 row. Sensory receptors. 95% of afferent synapse here |
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Outer hair cells |
3 rows. Sharpen the frequency resolving power of the cochlea. Inhibitory efferents synpase here |
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ITD |
MSO acts as a coincidence detector. Cells in the MSO are tuned to different time delays to compensate for sound arriving at different times. Low frequency |
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IID |
Intense sound activates LSO on the same side and inhibits LSO on contralateral side. Impulse sent to the contralateral inferior colliculus High frequency |
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Low pass |
The basilar membrane responds to all frequencies at and below that level. *Basal end responds to all frequencies |
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Where does the vestibular apparatus lie? |
In the temporal bone
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Otolithic organs |
Utricle and saccule |
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Receptor region of semicircular canal |
Ampulla |
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Receptor region of utricle and saccule |
Macula |
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Macula |
Hair cells embedded in a gelatinous layer. Above it is the otolithic membrane which containes otoconia |
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Utricle and Saccule |
Detect head tilt up or down and for how long its maintained and linear acceleration. Utricle: linear accel in horizontal plane Saccule: linear accel in vertical plane Functional pair, so when one is excited the other is inhibited |
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Linear acceleration |
Detected by utricle and saccule Causes the otolithic membrane to move backwards |
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Ampula |
Stereocilia are embedded in cupula. Endolymph pushing on the cupula bends the hair cells during angular rotation. Paired on the left and right, so excitation in one causes inhibition in the other |
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Vestibulo-ocular reflex |
Stabilizes image on the retina when the head is rotated Slow phase: maintain fixation as head turns Fast phase: quick eye movement back to object as head turns |
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Scarpa's ganglion |
Location of cell bodies of afferents innervating hair cells Lateral: utricle Medial: semicircular Superior: semicircular Inferior: all 3 |
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Organ of Corti |
Receptor for hearing located in the cochlea |
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Phase locking |
firing an action potential at a certain phase of a stimulus being delivered |
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Terminals in AVCN |
End-bulbs of Held grab on to Bushy cells tightly |
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Bushy cells |
Tightens up phase locking so auditory nerve fibers don't miss This is due to lots of auditory nerve fibers synapsing on one Bushy cell |
