Eyes

Front 1

exophthalmos

Back 1

increase in the volume of the orbital content, causing a protrusion of the globes forward

caused by Graves disease or retroorbital tumor (unilateral)

Front 2

episcleritis

Back 2

inflammation of the superficial layers of the sclera anterior to the insertion of the rectus muscles; localized w/ a purplish elevation of a few millimeters

common manifestation of Crohn disease, RA, and other autoimmune disorders

Front 3

band keratopathy

Back 3

deposition of calcium in the cornea; appears as horizontal grayish bands; passes OVER the cornea

most common in patients with hyperparathyroidism; occasionally occurs in renal failure or syphilis

Front 4

corneal ulcer

Back 4

disruption of the corneal epithelium and stroma caused by viral or bacterial infection or by desiccation b/c of incomplete lid closure or poor lacrimal gland function; contact lenses increases risk of developing bacterial ulceration

Front 5

strabismus

Back 5

both eyes do not focus on an object simultaneously

Front 6

non-paralytic strabismus can be the presenting sign of

Back 6

infantile cataract or a retinoblastoma

Front 7

miosis

Back 7

pupillary constriction (< 2 mm)

Front 8

contributing factors of miosis

Back 8

iridocyclitis; pilocarpine - eye drops given for glaucoma

Front 9

mydriasis

Back 9

pupillary dilation (> 6 mm)

Front 10

contributing factors of mydriasis

Back 10

iridocyclitis; atropine eye drops; midbrain (reflex arc) lesions or hypoxia; oculomotor (CN III) damage; acute-angle glaucoma (slight dilation)

Front 11

failure to respond to light stimulus

Back 11

iridocyclitis; corneal or lens opacity, retinal degeneration, optic nerve (CN II) destruction, impairment of parasympathetic (efferent) fibers that innervate sphincter pupillae

Front 12

Argyll Robertson pupil

Back 12

bilateral miotic irregularly shaped pupils that fail to constrict with light but retain constriction with convergence

caused by neurosyphilis or lesions in midbrain where afferent pupillary fibers synapse

Front 13

Anisocoria

Back 13

unequal pupil size

Front 14

contributing factors of anisocoria

Back 14

congenital, amblyopia, or sympathetic or parasympathetic pupillary pathway destruction

Front 15

iritis constrictive response

Back 15

constriction of pupil accompanied by pain and circumcorneal flush; acute uveitis is commonly unilateral

Front 16

oculomotor (CN III) damage

Back 16

pupil dilated and fixed, eye down and out, ptosis

Front 17

adie pupil

Back 17

tonic pupil; affected pupil dilated and reacts slowly or not at all to light; responds to convergence; caused by impairment of postganglionic parasympathetic innervation to sphincter pupillae muscle or ciliary malfunction; often accompanied by diminished tendon reflexes (as with diabetic neuropathy or alcoholism)

Front 18

Horner syndrome

Back 18

ipsilateral miosis and mild ptosis; caused by interruption of the cervical sympathetic trunk due to mediastinal tumors, bronchogenic carcinoma, metastatic tumors, or operative trauma

Front 19

cataracts

Back 19

opacity of the lens caused by denaturation of lens protein with aging; lesion is central in aging, but peripheral in hypoparathyroidism

Front 20

optic atrophy

Back 20

death of nerve fibers and myelin sheaths; loss of central or peripheral vision or both; disc changes from yellow to white

Front 21

background diabetic retinopathy

Back 21

dot hemorrhages or microaneurysms and hard and soft exudates; hard exudates have sharply defined borders and are bright yellow; soft are caused by infarction of the nerve layer and are dull yellow spots with poorly defined margins (cotton-wool spots)

Front 22

proliferative diabetic retinopathy

Back 22

anoxic stimulation of new vessels; new vessels are likely to hemorrhage and cause blindness

Front 23

lipemia retinalis

Back 23

serum triglyceride exceeds 2000 mg/dl
BVs become pink and then white; seen in diabetic ketoacidosis

Front 24

retinitis pigmentosa

Back 24

development of night blindness and loss of peripheral vision; optic atrophy, narrowing of the arterioles, and peripheral "bone spicule" pigmentation

Front 25

cytomegalovirus infection

Back 25

hemorrhage, exudates and necrosis of the retina following the vascular pattern; causes blindness; "pizza pie" appearance in retina

Front 26

glaucoma

Back 26

elevated pressure caused by obstruction of the outflow of aqueous humor; acute glaucoma is accompanied by intense ocular pain, blurred vision, red eye, and dilated pupil; chronic - gradual loss of peripheral vision

Front 27

chorioretinal inflammation

Back 27

sharply defined lesion that is whitish yellow and stippled with dark pigment; caused by laser therapy for diabetic retinopathy, cytomegalovirus or toxoplasmosis during fetal life; visual field defect

Front 28

choroidal nevus

Back 28

darkened well-defined areas of varying size in the choroid

Front 29

most common cause of blindness

Back 29

interruption of vascular supply to optic nerve

Front 30

bitemporal hemianopia

Back 30

blindness in the outer half of both eyes caused by a lesion in the optic chiasm, most commonly a pituitary tumor

Front 31

left homonymous hemianopia

Back 31

blindness in the left half of visual field in both eyes

Front 32

retinoblastoma

Back 32

embryonal malignant tumor during first 2 years; caused by an autosomal dominant trait or chromosomal mutation; white reflex

Front 33

retrolental fibroplasia

Back 33

retinopathy of prematurity; BVs are straightened and diverted temporally

Front 34

retinal hemorrhages in infancy

Back 34

suspect infant abuse

Front 35

when is the eye formed?

Back 35

8 weeks

Front 36

visual acuity of term infants

Back 36

20/200, peripheral vision is fully developed

Front 37

voluntary control of eye muscles

Back 37

2-3 months

Front 38

color differentiation

Back 38

6 months

Front 39

binocular vision

Back 39

9 months

Front 40

adult visual acuity

Back 40

6 years

Front 41

transitory fixation

Back 41

2 weeks, distance of 3'

Front 42

convergence begins to appear

Back 42

8 weeks

Front 43

beginning of depth perception

Back 43

12 weeks

Front 44

inspects own hands

Back 44

16 weeks

Front 45

discriminates geometric forms

Back 45

52 weeks

Front 46

accommodation well developed

Back 46

2 years

Front 47

Krukenberg spindles

Back 47

corneal epithelial pigmentation seen during pregnancy

Front 48

presbyopia

Back 48

decreased accommodation when lens becomes rigid and the ciliary muscle of the iris weakens (by age 45)

Front 49

diplopia

Back 49

double vision resulting from a defect in ocular motility

Front 50

visual acuity tests CN

Back 50

II (optic)

Front 51

numerator indicates

Back 51

distance of pt. from chart

Front 52

denominator indicates

Back 52

distance at which the avg. eye can read the line

Front 53

confrontation test evaluates

Back 53

peripheral vision

Front 54

fields of vision

Back 54

nasally = 60 deg
temporally = 90 deg
superiorly = 50 deg
inferiorly = 70 deg

Front 55

eyebrows that are coarse or do not extend beyond the temporal canthus

Back 55

hypothyroidism

Front 56

periorbital edema may indicate

Back 56

hypothyroidism, allergies, or renal disease (especially in youth)

Front 57

xanthelasma

Back 57

elevated plaque of cholesterol deposited in the nasal portion of either the upper or lower lid

Front 58

fasciculations of the lids of lightly closed eyes

Back 58

hyperthyroidism

Front 59

ptosis

Back 59

drooping of eyelid; may be congenital or caused by weakness of levator muscle or paresis of CN III

Front 60

ectropion

Back 60

lower lid is turned away

Front 61

entropion

Back 61

lid is turned inward

Front 62

hordeolum or sty

Back 62

acute supparative inflammation of the follicle of an eyelash caused by staphylococci

Front 63

blepharitis

Back 63

crusting along eyelashes caused by bacterial infection, psoriasis, or an allergic response

Front 64

lagophthalmos

Back 64

closed lids do not completely cover globe

Front 65

very firm eye

Back 65

glaucoma, hyperthyroidism, or retroorbital tumor

Front 66

pterygium

Back 66

abnormal growth of conjunctiva that extends over the cornea from the limbus; common in people heavily exposed to UV light

Front 67

corneal sensitivity is controlled by

Back 67

CN V (trigeminal)

Front 68

arcus senilis

Back 68

lipids deposited in the periphery of the cornea; seen in majority of individuals over 60; before 40 may indicate type II hyperlipidemia

Front 69

failure to respond to direct light but retaining constriction during accommodation

Back 69

diabetes or syphilis

Front 70

miosis is caused by

Back 70

morphine and glaucoma drugs

Front 71

yellow or green sclerae

Back 71

liver disease

Front 72

dark, rust-colored pigment just anterior to the insertion of the medial rectus

Back 72

senile hyaline plaque, does not imply disease

Front 73

enlarged lacrimal gland

Back 73

sarcoid disease and Sjogren syndrome

Front 74

eye moves rapidly to the right and then slowly drifts leftward

Back 74

nystagmus to the right

Front 75

lid lag

Back 75

exposure of sclera above the iris may indicate hyperthyroidism

Front 76

papilledema

Back 76

loss of definition of the optic disc (initially occurs superiorly and inferiorly) caused by increased intracranial pressure transmitted along the optic nerve; central vessels are pushed forward and veins are markedly dilated

Front 77

glaucomatous cupping

Back 77

increased intraocular pressure and the consequent interruption of the vascular supply to the optic nerve; peripheral visual fields are constricted

Front 78

drusen bodies

Back 78

small discrete spots that are slightly pinker than the retina; consequence of aging and may be precursor of macular degeneration

Front 79

hemorrhage at the disc margin

Back 79

glaucoma

Front 80

flame-shaped hemorrhages occur in the

Back 80

nerve fiber layers

Front 81

dot hemorrhages

Back 81

diabetic retinopathy

Front 82

Group I

Back 82

widened arteriolar light reflex

Front 83

Group II

Back 83

AV nicking; arterioles are reduced to half usual size

Front 84

Group III

Back 84

shiny retina and cotton wool spots which represent ischemic infarcts of retina

Front 85

group IV

Back 85

papilledema

Front 86

elevated outer canthi

Back 86

mongolian slant

Front 87

sunsetting sign

Back 87

rapidly lower infant from upright to supine position; sclera above the iris may be observed in infants with hydrocephalus and brainstem lesions

Front 88

Brushfield spots

Back 88

white specks scattered in a linear pattern around the entire circumference of the iris - Down syndrome or mental retardation

Front 89

opacities or interruption of the red reflex

Back 89

congenital cataracts or retinoblastoma

Front 90

2-line difference in visual acuity may indicate

Back 90

amblyopia

Front 91

segmental arteriolar narrowing with a wet, glistening appearance indicative of edema

Back 91

pregnancy-induced hypertension

Front 92

follows large, conspicuously moving objects

Back 92

4 weeks

Front 93

convergence begins to appear

Back 93

8 weeks

Front 94

shows interest in stimuli > 3' away

Back 94

20 weeks

Front 95

hand-eye coordination appearing

Back 95

24 weeks

Front 96

tilts head backward to gaze up

Back 96

40 weeks

Front 97

erythematous or cobblestone conjunctiva may indicate

Back 97

allergic or infectious conjunctivitis

Front 98

blinking requires which nerves to be intact?

Back 98

CN V and motor fibers of CN VII

Front 99

hypertelorism

Back 99

wide space b/w the eyes may be associated with mental retardation

Front 100

coloboma

Back 100

keyhole pupil; often associated with other congenital anomalies

Front 101

at 3 y/o what visual acuity warrants referral to an ophthalmologist

Back 101

20/50 or worse

Front 102

at 5 y/o what visual acuity warrants referral to an ophthalmologist

Back 102

20/30 or worse