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141 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What nerve controls the levator palpebrae superioris muscle |
CN3 Oculomotor
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What nerve controls the superior oblique muscle
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CN4 Trochlear
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What nerve control the lateral rectus muscle
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CN6 Abducens
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What is the anterior and posterior outer wall of the eye
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Anterior- cornea, Posterior- Sclera
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What structure in the eye produces aqueous humor and contains the muscles that control accomodation
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Ciliary body
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What does the anterior and posterior middle layer (uvea)consist of
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Anterior- ciliary body and iris, Posterior- choroid
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What structures pass through the optic foramen
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optic nerve, opthalmic artery and vein
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What structure of the retina does the optic nerve originate
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Optic disc
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When do eyes develop during gestation
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First 8 weeks
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What visual acuity are infants at term
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hyperopic, acuity less than 20/400
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What vision is fully developed at birth, central or peripheral
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peripheral
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When is visual acuity achieved
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4 years of age
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When does the lacrimal gland begin producing full volume oftears
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2 to 3 weeks of age
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When is binocular vision complete
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3 to 4 months of age
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When can an infant differentiate color
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by 6 months
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What change occurs in tears during pregnancy
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increased level of lysozymes, causing greasy sensation and blurred vision for contact wearers
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What is presbyopia
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progressive weakening of accommodation (focusing power) occurs with aging
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What are the 5 risk factors for cataract formation
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1. steroid medication use, 2. exposure to UV light, 3. cigarette smoke, 4. T2DM, 5.aging
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By what age does the lens become more rigid and the ciliary muscles become weaker
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45
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What is the issue in monocular diplopia
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optical problem
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What is the issue in binocular diplopia
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alignment problem
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What 4 eye problems is cigarette smoking a risk factor for
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cataract, glaucoma, macular degeneration, and thyroid eye disease
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What is visual acuity
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the discrimination of small details
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What cranial nerve does visual actuiy test
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CN 2
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What is in the numeration and denominator of visual acuity
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numerator: distance of patient from chart, denominator: distance the average eye can read the line
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What acuity score is considered legal blindness
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20/200
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How far should a near vision card be held from the patientsface
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14 inches
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What color used in color vision testing is helpful in determining optic nerve disease
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red
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What eyebrow appearance is indicative of hypothyroidism
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coarse hair and does not extend beyond the temporal canthus
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What is a xanthelasma
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an elevated plaque of cholesterol depositied in macrophages, commonly in the nasal portion of the upper or lower lid
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What eyelid movement is a sign of hyperthyroidism
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fasciculations or tremors
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What can cause ptosis
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congenital ro acquired weakness of the levator muscle or a paresis of a branch of CN3
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What is ectropion
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lower lid is turned away from the eye, causes excessive tearing
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What is entropion
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lower lid is turned inward toward the eye
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What is an acute suppurative inflammation of the follicle of an eyelash
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hordeolum or sty
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What is a blepharitis
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crusting along the eyelashes from a bacterial infection, seborrhea, psoriasis, a menifestation of rosacea, or an allergic rxn
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What is lagophthalmos
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when closed lids do not cover the eye completely
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Pain on palpation of the eye is consistent with what conditions
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sleritis, orbital cellulitis, and cavernous sinus thrombosis
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What condition is indicated by an erythematous or cobblestone appearance of the eye
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allergic or infectious conjunctivis
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What is a pteryguim
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an abnormal growth of conjuctiva that extends over the cornae from the limbus
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What cranial nerve controls corneal sensitivity
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5 trigeminal
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What cranial nerves are involved in the blink reflex
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CN5 (trigeminal) for sensory and CN7 (facial) for motor
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What is a corneal arcus
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lipids deposited in the periphery of the cornea
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What is miosis
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pupillary constriction
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What is mydriasis
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pupillary dilation
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What is an Argyll Robertson pupil
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bilat miotic irregularly shaped pupils that fail to contrict with light but retain constriction with convergence
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What is an unqual size of pupils
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anisocoria
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What is an Adie pupil
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affected pupil dilated and reacts slowly to light or fails to react to light; response to convergence
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What causes anisocoria
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congenital or caused by local eye medications
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What causes Adie pupil
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impairment of postganglionic parasympathetic innervation to sphincter pupillae muscle or ciliary malfunction
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What size pupil is considered miosis
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less than 2 mm
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What is a Marcus-Gunn pupil
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afferent pupillary defect in which eye continues to dilate rather than constrict during the swinging flashlight test
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What is a dark gray pigment near the medial rectus muscle
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Senile hyaline plaque
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What does the corneal light reflex test
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balance of the extraocular muscles
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What does exotropic and esotropic mean
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exotropic means outward, esotropic means inward
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If a patient is myopic, what opthalmoscope lens do you use
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minus (red) lens
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If a patient is hyperopic or lacks a lense (aphakic), what opthalmoscope lens do you use
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plus (black) lens
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What is the size of the optic disc
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1.5 mm
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What is the macula in relation to the optic disc
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2 disc diameters temporal
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What test is used to evaluate central vision
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Amsler grid
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What is papilledema
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loss of definition of the optic disc caused by increased intracranial pressure transmitted along theoptic nerve
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What is caused by increased intraocular pressure with loss of nerve fibers and death of ganglion cells
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Glaucomatous optic nerve head cupping
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What are cotton wool spot
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ill-defined yellow areas caused by infarction ofhte nerve layer of the retina
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What causes cotton wool spots
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vascular disease secondary to hypertension or diabetes mellitus
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Where do flame-shaped hemorrhages occur
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nerve fiber layers
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What is it called when outer canthi are higher than the medial canthi
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upward or mongolian slant
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What is it called when outer canthi are lower than the medial canthi
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downward or antimongolian slant
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What is the Keith-Wagner-Barker (KWB) system
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a 4 group classification system of retinopathy
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What is the usual arteriole-venule size ratio
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3 to 5
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What are the retinal signs of a mild retinopathy
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retinal arteriolar narrowing, arteriovenous nicking, opacity (copper wiring) of arteriolar wall
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What is the systemic association of mild retinopathy
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modest association with risk of clinically significant stroke, subclinical stroke, CHD
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What are the retinal signs of moderate retinopathy
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hemorrhage, cotton-wool spots, hard exudates, and microaneurysms
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What is the systemic association of moderate retinopathy
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strong assoc. with clinically sig. stroke, cognitive decline, and death from CV causes
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What are the retinal signs of malignant retinopathy
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mild and moderate plus optic disc edema (papilledema)
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What is the systemic association of malignany retinopathy
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strong association with death, presence of papilledema mandates rapid lower of BP
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What is hypertelorism
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wide spacing between eyes
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What are white specks scattered in a linear pattern around the entire iris
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Suggests? Brushfield spots strongly suggests Down syndrome
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What occurs in infants during the optical blink reflex
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quick closure of the eyes and dorsiflexion of the head
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What screening method is used for newborn to 3 months
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red reflex and inspection for constant strabismus
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What screening method is used for peds 6mo to 1y
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fix/follow each eye, alternate occlusion, corneal light/red reflex, and inspect for strabismus
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When is stereoscuity first used as a screening method in pediatrics
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3 to 5 years
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What is exophthalmos
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bulging of eye anteriorly out of orbit
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What causes exophthalmos in Grave's disease
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abnormal connective tissue deposition in orbit and extraocular muscles
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What is episcleritis
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inflammation of the superficial layers of the sclera anterior to the insertion of the rectus muscles
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What is band keratopathy
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deposition of calcium in the superficial cornea
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What condition occurs most commonly with band keratopathy
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chronic corneal disease
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What is a corneal ulcer
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disruption of the corneal epithelium and stroma
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What is strabismus
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both eyes do not focus on an object simultaneously, but can focus with either eye
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What is an interruption of the sympathetic nerve supply tothe eye
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Horner's syndrome
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What occurs with Horner's syndrome
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ipsilateral miosis, mild ptosis, and loss of hemifacial sweating
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What are cataracts
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opacity of the lens
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What is background diabetic retinopathy
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dot hemorrhages or microaneurysms and the presence of hard and soft exudates
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What is the difference bw hard/soft exudates
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hard from lipid transudation through incompetent capillaries, soft from infarct of the nerve layer
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What is proliferative diabetic retinopathy
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development of new vessels as a result of anoxic stimulation
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What is lipemia retinalis
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occurs when the serum triglyceride levels exceeds 2000 mg/dL
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What is retinitis pigmentosa
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autosomal recessive disorder in which the genetic defects cause cell death, predominantly in the rods
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What condition is in its advanced stage with peripheral "bone spicule" pigmentation
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retinitis pigmentosa
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What is glaucoma
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disease of the optic nerve wherein the nerve cells die, producing a characteristic appearance of the optic nerve (cupping)
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What is chorioretinal inflammation
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inflammatory process involving both the choroid and the retina
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What is caused by a lesion interrupting the optic chiasm
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bitemporal hemianopia
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What is the visual field defect of bitemporal hemianopia
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outside half of both eyes
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What is caused by a lesion of the optic nerve after the chiasm
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homonymous hemianopia
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What is the visual field defect of homonymous hemianopia
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same side halves of both eyes
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Where would a lesion occur to cause total blindness of one eye
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before the chiasm
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What is a retinoblastoma
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embryonic malignant tumor arising from the retina
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What is leukocoria
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white reflex associated with retinoblastoma
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What is retinopathy of prematurity (ROP)
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disruption of normal progression of retinal vascular development in preterm infant
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What is the green light on the opthalmoscope used to detect
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hemorrhage
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What is the narrow slit of light on the opthalmoscope used to detect
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retina folds or hole in retina (light will wave if present)
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What disorders cause localized lid tenderness
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(2) Hordeolum or Chalazion
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What disorders cause photophobia
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(3) Corneal abrasions, iritis, acute glaucoma
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What conditions cause halo vision
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(3) Corneal edema, acute glaucoma, and contact lens overwear syndrome
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What causes a purulent discharge
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Bacterial infection
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What causes a clear discharge
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viral infection
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What causes a white mucous discharge
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allergic reaction
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What is the most contageous type of conjunctivitis
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viral (non-herpetic)
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What are the signs and symptoms of chylamydial conjunctivitis
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preuricular lymphadenopathy, mucopurulent discharge, and eyelid edema
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What is the onset of chyylamydial conjunctivitis
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4 to 7 days
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What is the treatment of chymydial conjunctivitis
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topical and oral erythromycin (treat both partners)
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What (time frame) is the onset of herpetic conjunctivitis
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1 - 2 weeks
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What are the signs and symptoms of herpetic conjunctivitis
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serous discharge, conjunctival infection and geographic keratitis
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What is the treatment of herpetic conjunctivitis
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topical antiviral triflourothymidine and systemic acyclovir
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What are the symptoms of anterior uveitis
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(iritis) photophobia, red eye, decreased vision
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What are the 3 types of scleritis and which is the most common and the most severe
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diffuse (common), nodular, necrotizing (most severe)
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What is ciliary flush, what can cause it
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infection of deep episcleral vessels over sclera/adjacent to the cornea; caused by iritis/acute glaucoma
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What are the 3 types of corneal opacities
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keratitic precipitates, diffuse haze, and localized opacities
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What is diffuse haze and what is it usually associated with
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corneal edema or swelling, frequently seen in angle closure glaucoma
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What's a common name for external hordeolum/ what causes it
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Stye; from staph infection of sebaceous glands of Zeis or sweat glands of Moll
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What's a common name for internal hordeolum and what causes the condition
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Chalazion; obstruction of meibomian gland in the lid margin
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What is blepharitis and what are the types
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chronic inflammation of the lid margin; staphylococcal or seborrheic
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What is preseptal cellulitis
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infection of the eyelids and soft tissue structures anterior to the orbital septum
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What is orbital cellulitis
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bacterial infection of the adjacent paranasal sinuses
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What are the signs and symptoms of orbital cellulitis
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proptosis, decreased vision, afferent pupillary defect, and optic disc edema
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What are complications from orbital cellulitis
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optic nerve damage, meningitis via valveless orbital veins, abscess,
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What usually causes congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction
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failure of membranous valve of Hasner to regress
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What is the difference between dacrosystocele and dacryocystitis
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dacrosystocele is from a cyst in the nasolacrimal duct, dacryocystitis is an infection of the nasolacrimal sac
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What is hypopyon
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pus in the anterior chamber
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What is hyphema
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blood in the anterior chamber
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What condition is a "true emergency" and calls for therapy insitituted within minutes
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chemical injuries
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What conditions require same day referrals
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orbital cellulitis, ophthalmia neonatorum, iritis, hyphema, and corneal ulcers
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What conditions require referal in 1-2 days
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preseptal cellulitis, dacryocystocele, herpetic conjnctivitis, herpetic keratitis, and cornal abrasions |
