Eye Exam Vocabulary Pe

Front 1

Horizontal defect

Back 1

occlusion of a branch of the central retinal artery that causes a horizontal blockage of vision

Front 2

Blind right eye

Back 2

lesion of the optic nerve produces unilateral blindness

Front 3

Bitermporal hemianopsia

Back 3

lesion at the optic chiasm that involves the visual loss in the temporal half of each field

Front 4

Left homonymous hemianopsia

Back 4

lesion of the optic tract or optic radiation that results in visual loss in the left half of each field

Front 5

Right homogymous hemianopsia

Back 5

lesion of the optic tract or optic radiation that results in visual loss in the left half of each field.

Front 6

Homonymous left superior quadrantic defect

Back 6

partial lesion of the optic radiation in the temporal lobe that results in the visual loss in the upper left quadrant of each visual field

Front 7

Ptosis

Back 7

drooping of the upper lid. Causes include myasthenia gravis, damage to the oculomotor nerve, and horner’s syndrome (damage to the sympathetic nerve supply).

Front 8

Entropion

Back 8

inward turning of the lower lid margin, in which the lower lashes then irritate the conjunctiva and lower cornea; more common in the elderly

Front 9

Ectropion

Back 9

the margin of the lower lid is turned outward, exposing the palpebral conjunctiva; the eye will no longer drain properly and tearing will occur; more common in elderly

Front 10

Lid retraction

Back 10

a “wide-eyed” stare without the eyeballs protruding forward; often due to hyperthyroidism

Front 11

Exopththalmos

Back 11

protrusion of the eyeballs; suggests Grave’s disease (hyperthyroidism)

Front 12

Pinguecula

Back 12

harmless yellowish triangular nodule in the bulbar conjunctiva adjacent to the limbus (the junction between the cornea and sclera); appears frequently with aging- first on the nasal side

Front 13

Episcleritis

Back 13

localized ocular redness from inflammation of the episcleral vessels. Vessels appear pink and are movable over the sclera surface.

Front 14

Sty

Back 14

PAINFUl, tender red infection in the glands of Zeis at the base of the eyelashes or an infection of the apocrine sweat glands of Moll… External styes form on the outside of the lids, while internal styes are infections of the meibomian sebaceous glands lining the inside of the eyelids’… tend to be smaller and more painful than chalazion

Front 15

Chalazion

Back 15

a subacute NON-tender and PAINLESS cyst/nodule caused by a blocked meiobian gland. Unlike a sty, it usually points inside the LID rather than on the lid margin

Front 16

Xanthelasma

Back 16

slighting raised yellowish well-circumscribed plaques that appear along the nasal portions of the eyelids; usually accompany hyperlipidemia or hypercholesterolemia

Front 17

Dacryocystitis

Back 17

nasolacrimal duct obstruction; swelling between the lower eyelid and nose; causes pain, increased tear production, and redness in the lower eyelid; irritated by wind, dust, etc… Acute- painful, red, tender… Chronic- obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct

Front 18

Conjunctivitis

Back 18

acute inflammation of inner surface of eyelids and outermost layer of eye; diffuse dilation of conjuctival vessels with redness that tends to be maximally peripheral; mild discomfort; vision may be slightly blurry but no vision loss; ocular discharge (watery, mucoid, or mucopurulent); d/t infection or allergies

Front 19

Subconjunctival hemorrhage

Back 19

leakage of blood outside vessels producing a sharply demarcated red area; NO PAIN; vision NOT affected; d/t trauma or sudden increase in venous pressure (ie: sneezing, vomiting, bowel movement, etc)

Front 20

Corneal injury

Back 20

ciliary injection (dilation of deeper vessels that are visible as radiating vessels or red flush around the limbus); moderate to severe pain; ocular d/c (watery or purulent); decreased vision; d/t trauma or infection

Front 21

Acute iritis

Back 21

inflammation of the iris of the eye; ciliary flush; moderate/aching/deep pain; decreased vision; photophobia; watering of eye

Front 22

Glaucoma

Back 22

disease of the optic nerve that can lead to progressive irreversible loss of vision; usually increased IOP; severe deep pain; decreased vision; pupils may be dilated and fixed; steamy/cloudy appearance of the cornea

Front 23

Corneal arcus

Back 23

a thick gray/white circle not quite at edge of cornea; seen with normal aging; especially prevalent in African Americans; if seen in young people it may suggest hyperlipoproteinemia

Front 24

Corneal scar

Back 24

superficial gray/white opacity in cornea secondary to an injury

Front 25

Pterygium

Back 25

triangular thickening of the bulbar conjunctiva that grows slowly across the outer surface of the cornea, usually from the nasal side; reddening may accompany

Front 26

Cataracts

Back 26

opacity of the lens visible through the pupil; MC in old age, also seen in long-term exposure to UV light, diabetes, HTN

Front 27

Nuclear Cataracts

Back 27

looks gray when seen by a flashlight

Front 28

Peripheral Cataracts

Back 28

produces spotlike shadows that point inward that appears black against red

Front 29

Adie’s pupil (tonic pupil)

Back 29

pupil is tonically dilated; ANS affected

Front 30

CN III paralysis

Back 30

dilated pupil is fixed to light; ptosis of the upper; upward, downward, and inward movements are impaired/lost

Front 31

CN VI paralysis

Back 31

when looking straight ahead, left eye will be turned toward the nose (esotropia); when looking to the left, the left eye will be looking straight ahead; the left eye cannot look down when turned inward

Front 32

Horner’s Syndrome

Back 32

ptosis occurs along with an irregular constricted pupil; possible loss of sweating on the forehead; d/t damage of sympathetic nervous system

Front 33

Blepharitis

Back 33

inflammation of the eyelid margins

Front 34

Periorbital cellulitis

Back 34

inflammation and infection of the eyelid and portions of skin around the eye; causes edema, swelling, redness, tender, warm to touch

Front 35

Periorbital edema

Back 35

NO redness, swelling all around the eye

Front 36

Epicanthus

Back 36

enlargement of the angel at the epicanthial fold (skin fold of the upper eyelid from the nose to the inner side of the eyebrow)

Front 37

Herpes zoster opthalmicus

Back 37

virus remains in the nerve root and causes dermatomal forehead rash and painful inflammation of all the tissues of the anterior structures of the eye

Front 38

Anisocoria

Back 38

unequal pupils; this is normal

Front 39

Strabismus

Back 39

any deviation of ocular alignment

Front 40

Kayser-Fleischer rings

Back 40

dark rings appear to encircle iris of eye; d/t copper deposition; seen in Wilson’s disease

Front 41

Amaurosis fugax

Back 41

loss of vision in one eye due to a temporary lack of blood flow to the retina; Symptoms include the sudden loss of vision in one eye. This usually only lasts seconds but may last several minutes. Some patients describe the loss of vision as a gray or black shade coming down over their eye.

Front 42

Amblyopia

Back 42

aka "lazy eye," is the loss of one eye's ability to see details. It is the most common cause of vision problems in children. s/s: Eyes that turn in or out, Eyes that do not appear to work together, Inability to judge depth correctly

Front 43

Anisocoria

Back 43

condition characterized by uneven pupils; it is usually the result of a defect in efferent nervous pathways controlling the pupil traveling in the oculomotor nerve (parasympathetic fibers) or the sympathetic pathways

Front 44

Aqueous humor

Back 44

thick watery substance filling the space between the lens and the cornea; its functions include: maintaining IOP, providing nutrition, and carrying away waste products

Front 45

Choroid

Back 45

vascular layer containing connective tissue of the eye lying between the retina and the sclera. Its function is to provide oxygen and nourishment to the outer layers of the retina.

Front 46

Diopter

Back 46

the optical power/refractive (light bending) capacity of the lens; optical powers are additive which allows optometrist to prescribe corrective lenses as a correction to the eye’s optical power

Front 47

Diplopia

Back 47

aka double vision; the simultaneous perception of 2 images of a single object; binocular diplopia is double vision arising as a result of the misalignment of the 2 eyes relative to each other (ie: esotropia or exotropia).

Front 48

Drusen

Back 48

tiny yellow/white deposits in retina of the eye or on the optic nerve head. It’s presence is MC seen in age-related macular degeneration, but presence alone does not indicate disease

Front 49

Fovea

Back 49

tiny pit located in macular of the retina that provide clearest central vision due to the fact that the ratio of ganglion cells to photoreceptors is approx 1:1.

Front 50

Glaucoma

Back 50

disease of the optic nerve that leads to progressive, irreversible loss of vision. It is often

Front 51

Hyperopia

Back 51

farsightedness- the ability to see distant objects more clearly than close ones

Front 52

Hyphema

Back 52

blood in the anterior chamber of the eye that looks like a small pool of blood at the bottom of the iris or cornea.

Front 53

Lacrimal punctum

Back 53

the minute circular opening of the lacrimal duct on the margin of each eyelid near the medial commissure; where tears drain from the eye

Front 54

Miosis

Back 54

constriction of the pupil of the eye

Front 55

Mydriasis

Back 55

dilation of the pupils induced by eyedrops

Front 56

Myopia

Back 56

“nearsightedmess” the ability to see close objects more clearly than distant objects

Front 57

A/V Nicking

Back 57

when an arteriole is seen crossing a venule resulting in impaction of the vein with budging on either side of the crossing; the vein appears to stop abruptly on either side of the artery; MC seen in hypertensive retinopathy

Front 58

Papilledema

Back 58

optic disc swelling that is caused by increased IOP; swelling is usually bilateral; causes include cerebral edema, tumors, lesions, or increased CSF

Front 59

Photophobia

Back 59

excessive sensitivity to light; experience discomfort or pain

Front 60

Presbyopia

Back 60

the loss of the eye’s ability to change focus to see near objects; progressive and related to age

Front 61

Pterygium

Back 61

referring to a winglike triangular membrane of the conjunctiva; may extend across the white of the eye toward the inner corner of the eye; caused by prolonged exposure of the eyes to wind and weather

Front 62

Retina

Back 62

light sensitive lining of inner surface of the eye that triggers the optic nerve impulse

Front 63

Sclera

Back 63

the white part of the eye

Front 64

Scotoma

Back 64

aka blind spot; area of impaired or entirely degenerated visual acuity which is surrounded by a field of normal vision; location with no photoreceptors

Front 65

Strabismus

Back 65

condition which the eyes not properly aligned with each other; involves a lack of coordination between extraocular muscles that prevents the gaze of each eye to come to same point

Front 66

Visual fields

Back 66

physical objects and light sources that impinge the retina; everything that causes light to fall onto the retina

Front 67

Xanthelasma

Back 67

a yellowish collection of cholesterol underneath skin; usually around the eyelids; not harmful or painful; associated with hypercholesterolemia or hyperlipidemia.

Front 68

A/V

Back 68

Arteriolar/venous

Front 69

OD

Back 69

right eye

Front 70

OS

Back 70

left eye

Front 71

OU

Back 71

both eyes

Front 72

C/D ratio

Back 72

cup-to-disc ratio

Front 73

PERRLA

Back 73

pupils equal, round, reactive to light, and accommodation

Front 74

EOMI

Back 74

extraocular muscles in tact

Front 75

Describe the normal Conjunctiva

Back 75

The conjunctiva is a clear mucous membrane with two easily visible components. These two parts of the conjunctiva merge in a folded recess that permits movement of the eyeball: Bulbar conjunctiva and palpebral conjunctiva

Front 76

Describe the normal bulbar conjunctiva

Back 76

The bulbar conjunctiva covers most of the anterior eyeball and it meets at the limbus.

Front 77

Describe the normal palpebral conjunctiva

Back 77

The palpebral conjunctiva lines the eyelids

Front 78

Describe the normal Tarsal plates

Back 78

Tarsal plates lie within the eyelids and each plate contains a parallel row of meibomian glands

Front 79

Describe the normal meibomian glands

Back 79

a special kind of sebaceous glands at the rim of the eyelids, responsible for the supply of sebum, an oily substance that prevents evaporation of the eye's tear film, prevents tear spillage onto the cheek, and makes the closed lids airtight.

Front 80

Describe the normal elevator palpebrae

Back 80

The levator palpebrae is the muscle that raises the upper eyelid, and it’s innervated by CN III.

Front 81

Describe the normal lacrimal gland

Back 81

The lacrimal gland secretes tear fluid that spreads across the eye and drains medially through two tiny holes called lacrimal puncta.

Front 82

Describe the normal function of tear fluid

Back 82

Tear fluid protects the conjunctiva and cornea from drying, inhibits microbial growth, and gives a smooth optical surface to the cornea. This fluid comes from the meibomian glands, conjunctival glands, and lacrimal gland.

Front 83

What is the pathway of tear drainage

Back 83

After the tears enter the lacrimal puncta, they pass into the lacrimal sac and on into the nose through the nasolacrimal duct.

Front 84

Describe the eyeball

Back 84

The eyeball is a spherical structure that focuses light on the neurosensory elements within the retina.

Front 85

What is the function of the muscles if the iris

Back 85

The muscles of the iris control pupillary size

Front 86

What is the function of the muscles if the ciliary body

Back 86

Muscles of the ciliary body control the thickness of the lens, allowing the eye to focus on near or distant objects.

Front 87

Describe aqueous humor

Back 87

Aqueous humor is clear liquid that fills the anterior/posterior chambers of the eye. It’s produced by ciliary body and circulates from the posterior chamber through the pupil into the anterior chamber, and drains out through the canal of Schlemm. This circulatory system helps to control the pressure inside the eye.

Front 88

Describe the Vitreous body

Back 88

The vitreous body is a transparent mass of gelatinous material that fills the eyeball behind the lens which helps to maintain the shape of the eye.

Front 89

What is the corneal light reflex

Back 89

a screening test that can be used to assess whether a person has strabismus (ocular misalignment).