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187 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a congenital anomaly that causes failure of complete fusion of the lips of the embryonic choroid fissure?
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Coloboma
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_______ is a slitlike but normal channel in the floor of the optic cup & stalk through which the vasoformative mesoderm and stromal mesenchyme enter the globe.
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embryonic fissure
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______ is an outpouching of neuroectoderm in the schlera that could be mistaken for a coloboma.
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scleral estasia
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_______ is a congential defect in the form of a gap, notch or fissure of part of the eye as a result of improper development of the optic cup
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coloboma
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Where is the most effected area of the eye for a coloboma?
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The posterior portions of the eye ( optic disc, iris, ciliary body)
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What congenital anomaly is inherited in Charolais cattle?
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coloboma
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Describe a lesion of a coloboma?
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cavitation of the choroid and schlera with the cavity lined by thinned retinal layer
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_______ is a common inherited defect in smooth & rough collies and Shetland sheepdogs. Its an anomoly of mesenchyme
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Collie Eye anomaly (CEA)
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What is the etiopathogenesis of CEA?
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Improper development of the optic cup
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What can occur due to the improper development of the optic due to CEA?
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1) Abnormal formation of choroid and retina
2) chorioretinal dysplasia or choroidal hypoplasia |
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Describe the lesions of CEA.
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1) ABNORMAL RETINAL VESSELS
2) areas of chorioretinal dysplasia or hypoplasia 3) ectasia (pitting) of the optic disc and sclera |
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Schlera ectasia or posterior staphyloma and severe visual impairment can be caused by what defect?
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CEA
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What is the sequale of CEA?
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Retinal degeneration and detachment
Intraocular hemorrhage |
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What are the 3 major diseases of the eyelids?
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developmental anomalies
blepharitis Neoplasms |
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What are the two forms of focal blepharitis?
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Hordeolum (stye)
Chalazion |
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What is an external hordeolum (stye)?
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It is an external suppurative adenitis of the adnexal glands of Moll or Zeis (external hordeolum)
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What is an internal hordeolum (stye)?
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Internal suppurative adenitis of the Melbomian gland
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What is the sequale of hordeolum?
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Persistent inflammation
sebaceous secretions extend into the adjacent soft tissues causing a granulomatous response. |
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What might be the DDx for hordeolum?
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adenoma
fungal granuloma lymphoid hyperplasia |
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_______ is a sterile granulomatous inflammation of the Meibomian gland.
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Chalazion
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What might be the DDx of a chalazion?
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Meibomian gland adenomsa
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What are some diffuse types of blepharitis?
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ulcerative
seborrheic allergic actinic parasitic |
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What is considered the most common tumor of the canine eyelid and occurs in 80% of all eyelid tumors?
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Meibomian gland adenoma
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What is considered the 2nd most common tumor of the canine eyelid?
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melanocytoma- universally benign
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What are 3 types of eyelid neoplasms found in the cat?
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Nerve shealth tumors
squamous cell carcinoma mast cell tumors |
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What type of eyelid neoplasm can be found in the horse?
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sarcoids and SCC
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What type of eyelid neoplasm might be found on white faced cattle and white haired cats.
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SCC
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What is the etiology of conjunctivitis?
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trauma
irritants allergens (type I hypersensitivity) toxins infections (common in cats & horses) |
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What parasites cause conjunctivitis in sheep, cattle and horses?
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Oestrus ovis (sheep)
Thelazia sp. (cattle, horses) Habronema (horses) |
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What type of lesions are formed by conjunctivitis?
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hyperemia/congestion
severe edema (chemosis) epiphora (overflow of tears) ocular discharge |
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What species are neoplasms of the conjunctiva most common?
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cattle followed by horses, dogs and cats
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What is the most frequent type of neoplasms of the conjunctiva?
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SCC
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SCC of the conjunctiva has been associated with what virus?
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IBR- Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis
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What is the most common conjunctival neoplasm in the horse and name the sites where they are found?
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SCC
limbal region or the leading edge of the 3rd eyelid and progress to the conjunctiva. |
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_______ are congenital, developmental anomalies affecting the mucous membrane of the conjunctiva or cornea.
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ocular dermoids
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______ reflects the failure of the fetal ectoderm to undergo complete corneal "metaplasia", so that a portion of the cornea remains as skin.
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ocular dermoids
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WHat corneal congenital anomaly contains well differentiated stratified squamous keratinized epithelium overlying an irregular dermal stroma?
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ocular dermoids
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What corneal congenital anomaly is most common in the dog? Where is it found and what is it compromised of?
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ocular dermoids
found at the temporal limbus Raised islands of skin containing hair |
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What are the 4 forms of keratitis?
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Acute
chronic superficial deep |
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What form of keratitis is due to corneal ulcerations leading to ulcerative keratitis?
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superficial
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What form of keratitis is due to infection (mycotic or bacterial) or intraocular inflammation?
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deep
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What are the 5 layers of the cornea? From outer to inner.
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Epithelium
Bowmans membrane Substantia propria Descemet's membrane endothelium |
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_______ usually results from physical, chemical or microbial injury to the cornea and can also arise following inflammatory lesions deeper within the eye.
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keratitis
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The _______ is normally avascular and transparent.
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The cornea
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What are the sequence of events of keratitis?
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1) edema
2) leukocyte movement from tears and limbic venules 3) corneal stromal vascularization 4) fibrosis 5) epithelial metaplasia w/ pigmentation |
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What are the 2 types of non-ulcerative keratitis?
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epithelial keratitis
stromal keratitis |
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What are some characteristics of epithelial keratitis?
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1) transient & mild
2) multiple fine epithelial opacities 3) Intercellular fluid accumulation (bullous keratopathy) |
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What are 2 types of stromal keratitis?
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superficial
deep |
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Name six causes of ulcerative keratitis.
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1) trauma
2) dessication 3) infection 4) feline herpesvirus 1 5) Immune mediated disease 6) degeneration of the corneal epithelium |
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What is is the cause of infectious keratoconjunctivitis (pink eye) of cattle?
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Moraxella bovis
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What is the most important disease of the bovine eye and when is it most prevalent?
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pink eye (Moraxella bovis)
summer due to increased fly vectors. |
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______ causes an infection of the corneal epithelial cells resulting in shallow intraepithelial branching tracts of necrosis, known as "dendritic" ulcers.
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FHV-1
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________ is an ulcerative keratitis lesion that ends up liquefying the corneal stroma resulting in a melting ulcer.
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keratomalacia
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_______ is an ulcerative keratitis lesion that occurs when neutrophils encircle the liquefying focus as a thick wall of live and fragmented cells.
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ring abscess
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Stromal liquefaction that reaches the Descemet's membrane results in its forward bulging as a _________ due to increased intraocular pressure.
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descemetocele or keratocele
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What is an anterior synechia?
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adhesion of iris to cornea
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What is a posterior synechia?
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adhesion of iris to lens
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If healing is delayed for an ulcerative keratitis or injury is repeated, melanoblasts may infiltrate along vessels resulting in ______.
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corneal melanosis or pigmentary keratitis
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ulcerative keratitis involve which portions of the eye?
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cornea, conjunctiva and uvea
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Rarely an ulcer will become lined by epithelial cells to form a permanent _______.
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corneal fistula
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What are the 2 types of non-ulcerative keratitis?
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epithelial and stromal (interstitial)
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What is the most common form of non-ulcerative keratitis?
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stromal (interstitial) keratitis
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________ is diffuse, blue-gray clouding of the cornea associated with inflammatory changes in the deep corneal layers
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stromal (interstitial) keratitis
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What is stromal (interstitial) keratitis caused by and how is it characterized?
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iridocyclitis (inflammation of the iris/ciliary body) and is characterized by deep vascularization from the ciliary body
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What are 2 types of superficial stromal keratitis?
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pannus
eosinophilic |
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What form of superficial stromal keratitis is found in German shepherds?
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Uberreiter's syndrome
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Describe the pathogenesis of superficial stromal keratitis.
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prolonged exposure to UV light causing altered corneal antigens,
cell mediated injury and severity exacerbated by dust and high altitudes |
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What are 2 types of superficial stromal keratitis?
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pannus
eosinophilic |
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What form of superficial stromal keratitis is found in German shepherds?
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Uberreiter's syndrome
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Describe the pathogenesis of superficial stromal keratitis.
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prolonged exposure to UV light causing altered corneal antigens,
cell mediated injury and severity exacerbated by dust and high altitudes |
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Describe the pathogenesis of superficial stromal keratitis.
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There is no ulceration but pigmentation is marked
Prolonged exposure to UV light may cause altered corneal antigens and cell mediated injury |
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Describe the gross lesion of superficial stromal keratitis.
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bilateral vascularized opacity in the corneal stroma
marked pigmentation |
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What would you see histologically to confirm superficial stromal keratitis?
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intense mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate
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________ is a superficial cornea converted to an opaque membrane resembling granulation.
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pannus keratitis
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________ is also known as dessication keratitis in dogs.
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Keraconjunctivitis sicca (KCS)
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Decreased lacrymal secretion is also known as _______ (xerophthalmia)
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dry eye
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What are some characteristics of dry eye?
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failure of innervation of ducts
blockage of the ducts chronic dacryoadenitis w/ fibrosis (autoimmune) |
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Describe the lesions of ulcerative keratitis?
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loss of epithelium initiates a series of corneal reactions caused by tear imbibition, local production of cytokines and opportunistic microbial contamination of the wound
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What are some signs of primary KCS?
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congenital lack of lacrimal secretions; senile atrophy
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What are some signs of secondary KCS?
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destruction or denervation of lacrimal or accessory lacrimal gland
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KCS is most common in what species?
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dogs
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What is the condition that causes inflammation of the iris & ciliary body?
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anterior uveitis or iridocyclitis
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What is the condition that causes inflammation of the choroid & ciliary body?
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posterior uveitis or choroiditis
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_________ is inflammation of structures interior to the sclera including the uvea.
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endophthalmitis
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Inflammation of all tunics of the globe is called _______.
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panophthalmitis
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What are the 5 main causes of uveitis?
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1) ocular trauma
2) toxicity (vascular) 3) neoplasia 4) immune-mediated 5) infections |
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What viruses can cause uveitis?
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FIP
MCF |
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What are 2 different types of lens induced uveitis?
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phacolytic uveitis
phacoclastic uveitis |
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______ is a very common mild lymphoplasmacytic anterior uveitis occurring in animals with cataracts in which the lens protein is beginning to disintegrate and leak through the intact lens capsule.
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phacolytic uveitis
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_______ is a immune-mediate disease in response to the release of large amounts of intact lens protein through a traumatically ruptured lens capsule.
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phacoclastic uveitis
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What is the etiopathogenesis of iridocyclitis?
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primary entity following toxic damage
hematogenous infections extension from deep corneal ulceration |
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_______ is the accumulation of exudate (fibrin and inflammatory cells) in the aqueous.
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aqueous flare
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______ is yellow-white or pink, floccular sediment in the anterior chamber.
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hypopyon
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Neutrophils may adhere to the corneal endothelium producing a stippled appearance known as _________.
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keratitis punctata
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______ is blood or neutrophils in the anterior chamber
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hyphema
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Granulomatous uveitis is often characterized by ________ precipitates of inflammatory cells (granulomatous response).
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“mutton-fat” keratic
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________ causes multiple white dots on corneal epithelium (mutton fat keratic precipitates).
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Iridocyclitis (anterior uveitis)
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Iridocyclitis (anterior uveitis) can sequale to _________ or ________.
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glaucoma (increased intraocular pressure) & lens luxation
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If inflammatory cells or fibrin block the drainage angle then there will be a rise in intraocular pressure causing _____.
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glaucoma
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Iridocyclitis (anterior uveitis) can cause fibrinous exudation over the iris which can sequale into _________ and _________.
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anterior synechia (adhesion of iris to cornea)
posterior synechia (adhesion of iris to lens) |
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________ synechiae may cause only small visual defects but ______ synechiae will block aqueous flow and cause glaucoma.
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partial and total
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Iridocyclitis can sequale to a complete posterior synechiae and bowing of the iris anteriorly, this condition is called _______.
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iris bombé
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Severe anterior uveitis may cause the development of a fibrovascular membrane on the iris face causing pupillary blockage or _________ which will cause neovascular glaucoma.
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occlusio pupillae
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Membrane may contract on the face of the iris resulting in infolding of the pupillary border to adhere to the ________ or ________ iris surface.
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anterior (ectropion uveae)
posterior (entropion uveae) |
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__________ is a significance of uveitis that causes the eye to become hypotonic, shrunken and disorganized.
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phthisis bulbi
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choroiditis is also known as _______.
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posterior uveitis
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What routes of infection can cause choroiditis?
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hematogenous
direct contamination |
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What pathogens can cause choroiditis?
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bacteria
a) Streptococcus sp. b) Mycobacteria sp. fungi viruses |
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The choroid is a major source of nutrients for the retina in what species and what type of lesions does chorditis cause in this species?
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retinal degeneration
esp. horses (no retinal arteries) |
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What is the major cause of periodic ophthalmia (moon blindness; ERU) in horses?
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repeated attacks of the anterior uveitis that causes damage to the choroid, retina and optic nerve.
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Immunologic reactions against intraocular leptospiral antigens is a major cause of _________ in horses.
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Equine recurrent uveitis
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Deficiencies of vitamins A, B2 (riboflavin) and C have been incriminated but not proven to cause what in horses?
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Equine recurrent uveitis
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Name 5 sequelae of equine recurrent uveitis.
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interstitial keratitis
cataract lens luxation synechiae retinal separation |
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_______ glaucoma is the abnormal development of the anterior chamber.
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congenital
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______ glaucoma is an inherited, bilateral disease causing malformation of the filtration angle with usually no ocular disease.
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primary
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WHat type of glaucoma is due to anything capable of obstructing the flow of aqueous through the pupil (pupillary block) or trabecular meshwork?
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secondary
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______ is also referred to as acquired unilateral disease.
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secondary glaucoma
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Enlargement of the globe (buphthalmos) is caused by the thinning of sclera due to what condition?
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Glaucoma
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Corneal edema occurs due to chemosis, fibrosis and vascularization caused by ________.
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Glaucoma
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______ is the photosensitive nervous layer of the eye, derived from outpouchings of the brain.
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retina
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What retinal layer does the dog have that allows more light to be absorbed by the rods and cones?
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tapetum lucidum
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lesions are characterized by rosettes composed of a variable number of neuronal retinal cells, often with accompanying retinal folds, name this retinal disease.
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retinal dysplasia
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What is the main cause of primary retinal dysplasia?
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Inherited defect
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What are the major causes of secondary retinal dysplasia?
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in utero viral infections (BVD, blue tongue)
Vit. A deficiency x-ray irradiation |
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The loss of retinal neurons results in
decreased thickness of the neurosensory retina and is also known as ________. |
retinal atrophy
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What nutritional deficiencies cause retinal degeneration?
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Vit. A and E, taurine
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What toxic plants cause retinal degeneration?
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bracken fern
locoweed |
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Pressure atrophy due to glaucoma can cause ________.
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retinal degeneration
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What inherited retinal disease is very important in dogs causing progressive retinal atrophies (PRA)?
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retinal degeneration
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What are 2 characteristics of generalized PRA?
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Early onset
photoreceptor dysplasia |
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What are some characteristics of central PRA?
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later onset
retinal pigment epithelium dystrophy causing photoreceptor degeneration |
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what nutritional diseases cause retinal diseases?
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riboflavin, Vit. A, Vit. E and taurine in cats.
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What drugs cause retinal disease?
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phenothiazine causes corneal photosensitization
ethambutol causes retinal detachment |
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What retinal disease causes abnormility in RPE (retinal pigment epithelium dystrophy and results in photoreceptor degeneration
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Central PRA (progressive retinal atrophies)
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What nutritional disease will result in ocular disease?
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Vit. A deficiency
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__________ defiency can cause poorp night vision or night blindness due to photoreceptor atrophy/degeneration.
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Vit. A
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What disease causes toxic retinal degeneration seen in sheep grazing hill pasture infested with bracken fern?
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bright blindness
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What disease causes degeneration of the rods, cones and outer nuclear layers of the retina leaving only a flattened pigment epithelium against the remnants of the inner nuclear layer?
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Bright blindness
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What is the most common disorder of the lens defined as lenticular opacity?
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cataract
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What disease cuases permanent opacity of the lens resulting from increased hydration due to alterations in nutrition, metabolism or osmotic balance of the lens?
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cataracts
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What ocular neoplasia is most often recognized in cattle?
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squamous cell carcinoma
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What type of ocular neoplasia is mostly found on the eylids, conjunctiva or cornea?
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squamous cell carcinoma
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What form of ocular neoplasia has the highest incidence in white-faced Hereford animals?
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squamous cell carcinoma
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What type of ocular neoplasia is considered the commonest intraocular tumor and is usually malignant?
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uveal tract melanoma
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What condition of the external ear is common in dogs, cats and pigs, especially those with pendulous ears?
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auricular hematomas
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_______ is caused by trauma due to excessive scratching or head-shaking in association with parasitic infestations of the pinna and external ear canal.
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auricular hematomas
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What is the most common of the ear diseases?
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Otitis externa
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Parasites are a major cause of what common ear disease?
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Otitis externa
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Hair loss, thickening and fissuring of the pinna and pruritus are major lesions of what ear disease?
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Otitis externa
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Excessive moisture in the external auditory meatus can be a predisposing factor of what ear disease?
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Otitis externa
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What metabolic disorders could cause otitis externa?
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hypothyroidism
male-feminizing syndrome Sertoli cell tumor ovarian disorders |
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What are 3 predisposing factors of otitis externa?
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Excessive moisture of the external auditory mearus
Nature of the ear canal Impeded drainage. |
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An increase secretion from ceruminous glands and accumulation of exudate and ceruminous secretions in the ear canal is the pathogenesis of what disease?
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Otitis externa
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What middle ear disease has an extension of infection through the tympanic membrane from the external ear?
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Otitis media
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What middle ear disease has an extension of infection from the nasopharynx in association with upper respiratory infections?
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Otitis media
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What bacteria are most often isolated in middle ear disease?
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Arcanobacterium pyogenes, Pasteurella sp.,
Pseudomonas sp. |
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In the horse where may exudate accumulate due to Otitis media?
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guttural pouch
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What is empyema?
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The accumulation of purulent exudate within the guttural pouch following upper respiratory tract infection.
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What ear disease can cause fibrous inflammatory polyps to arise in the middle ear and extend down the eustachian tube to emerge in the pharynx?
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Otitis media
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What ear disease can cause fibrosis around the ossicles interfering with sound conduction and result in deafness?
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Otitis media
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What is the most dangerous consequence of middle ear disease?
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Its potential to spread to the deeper structures of the inner ear via the round and oval windows.
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Otitis interna is also known as _________.
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labyrinthitis
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What is the most common way to get otitis interna?
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Through a suppurative infection arising as a complication of otitis media or URT infections.
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What ear disease may cause impaired hearing or deafness due to destruction of the organ of Corti in the cochlea?
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Otitis interna
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What ear disease may cause a loss of balance and nystagmus associated with disturbed vestibular function?
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Otitis interna
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What ear disease may cause an infection that can spread from the labyrinth, along the cochlear and vestibular branches of the VIIth cranial nerve?
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Otitis interna
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What ear disease is due to the absence or degeneration of sensory hair cells in the organ of Corti?
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congenital/hereditary deafness
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What ear disease causes the most prevalent type of deafness in animals?
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congenital deafness
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The collapse of walls of the cochlear and saccular membranous labyrinth can lead to ________.
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cochleosaccular degeneration
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What are the 2 types of acquired deafness?
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conductive otitis (externa, media)
neurologic- central/ peripheral |
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What ear disease causes an interference with the conduction of sound to the sensory organ of Corti by diseases of the external or middle ear?
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Conductive acquired deafness
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what type of acquired deafness is caused by otitis externa, otitis media and produces the failure of transformation of soundwaves?
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Conductive acquired deafness
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What type of acquired deafness is centrally located in the brain, auditory pathway and peripherally in the cochlea?
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Neurological
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_______ is a property of a number of chemical agents and is a major cause of inner ear disease.
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ototoxicity
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What 4 chemical agents found in a veterinary practise may cause ototoxicity?
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aminoglycoside antibiotics
diuretics aspirin Savlon |
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What chemical agent is considered ototoxic and causes the degeneration of the apical portion of cochlear hair cells with cats being particular susceptible?
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aminoglycoside antibiotics
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What chemical agent is considered ototoxic to dogs and cats?
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diuretics
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What chemical agent is considered ototoxic and is occasionally used in dogs or cats to cleanse the external ear canal?
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Savlon antiseptic
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What chemical agent if used in dogs and cats with a ruptured tympanic membrane can become toxic to both vestibular and cochlear cells?
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Savlon
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What organs of the ear are especially sensitive to degeneration induced by certain chemical agents with prolonged use contributing to deafness or vestibular dysfunction?
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vestibular epithelium
Organ of Corti |
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What inner ear condition is characterized by head tilt, falling toward affected side, ataxia without weakness, and nystagmus?
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Vestibular dysfunction
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What are some causes of peripheral vestibular disease?
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uncontrolled otitis media
labyrinthitis trauma invasive neoplasia drugs/congenital |
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What are 4 common tumors of the ear?
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Squamous cell carcinoma
Chondroma/chondrosarcoma Adenoma/adenocarcinoma of the ceruminous glands Acoustic neurinoma |
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What common tumor of the ear is particularly common in white eared cats as a sequel to solar dermatitis?
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Squamous cell carcinoma
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What is the most commom neoplasm of the eat?
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Adenoma/adenocarcinoma of the ceruminous glands
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What type of ear tumor can range from a simple hyperplasia, through well-differentiated adenomas to highly-aggressive adenocarcinoma which may metastasize to distant sites?
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Adenoma/adenocarcinoma of the ceruminous glands
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What type of ear tumor arises from the nerve sheath of the VIIIth cranial nerve?
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Acoustic neurinoma
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