Eye And Vision

Front 1

What two membranes does the cornea rest on?

Back 1

Bowmans membrane anteriorly and descemets membrane posteriorly.

Front 2

What does Gonioscopy look at?

Back 2

The irridocorneal angle

Front 3

Clouding of the lens usually due to denaturation of protein.

Back 3

Cataract

Front 4

Near sightedness

Back 4

Myopia

Front 5

The term for double vision is...

Back 5

Diplopia

Front 6

Layers of the retina that contain axons and dendrites?

Back 6

Plexiform layers

Front 7

Layers of the retina.

Back 7

Retinal pigment epithelium
Photoreceptors
External limiting membrane
Outer nuclear layer
Outer plexiform Layer
Middle limiting membrane
Inner nuclear layer
Inner plexiform layer
Ganglion cell layer
Nerve fiber layer
Internal limiting membrane

Front 8

In the eye, inner refers to?

Back 8

Towards the vitreous humor.

Front 9

In the eye, outer refers to?

Back 9

Towards the sclera.

Front 10

Dry age related macular degeneration (AMD) affects...

Back 10

Central RPE
Retina
Choriocapillaris

Central retinal atrophy occurs in the end stage.

Front 11

Wet age related macular degeneration (AMD)

Back 11

Dry AMD with leakage of fluid and bleeding

Central retinal scarring.

75-90% of patients with severe vision loss have wet AMD.

Front 12

Composistion of the collagenous stroma of the cornea

Back 12

keratocytes and clefts

Front 13

Drusen

Back 13

Amorphous material accumulations along Bruch's membrane. (under RPE)

Front 14

Leading cause of permanent blindness in ages 20-65

Back 14

Diabetic retinopathy

Front 15

Basic pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy

Back 15

high glucose=pericyte loss
Basement membrane thickening
Endothelial dysfunction

PDR or NPDR

Front 16

Nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy

Back 16

Microaneurysms, intraretinal hemorrages, exudates and cotton wool spots.
Severe cases can be laser treated to reduce macular edema.

Front 17

What is the pathology of Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy?

Back 17

Retinal ischemia leads to abnormal neovascularization.

Vessels proliferate ON rather than IN the retina. Fragile new vessels can bleed into the vitreous

Contractile elements of new vessels can cause retinal traction.

Untreated, this causes BLINDNESS

Front 18

Glaucoma

Back 18

Damage to pressure sensitive optic nerve.

Most Glaucomas are slow progressing, painless and asymptomatic in early stages.

Front 19

Blood supply to the eye

Back 19

Opthalmic artery splits into the central retinal artery which enters via optic nerve and the long+short cilliary arteries.

Cilliaries enter between the sclera and RPE, serve the outer retina and form the choroid.

Front 20

Cilliary muscle action for viewing close objects.

Back 20

Contraction causing release of tension in zonule fibers and allowing the lens to become more spherical for high power.

Front 21

Cilliary muscle action for viewing far objects.

Back 21

Relaxation leading to increased tension in the zonule fibers and stretching of the lens into a flat shape for low power.

Front 22

What happes in the near reflex?

Back 22

Convergence of the eyes
Pupil constriction
Cilliary muscle contraction (Rounding of the lens for high power)

Front 23

Accomodation innervation

Back 23

Edinger Westphal nucleus preganglionic parasympathetic to the cilliary ganglion.
Postganglionic impulse travels on the short cilliary nerves.

Front 24

The function of the retinal pigment epithelium is to...

Back 24

provide metabolic support of the outer retina.

Front 25

The photoreceptor outer segment contains

Back 25

light sensitive elements

Front 26

Photoreceptor inner segment

Back 26

Contains synthetic machinery

Front 27

Outer nuclear layer of the retina

Back 27

Contains photoreceptor cell bodies.

Front 28

The outer plexiform layer of the retina contains

Back 28

The synapses between the photoreceptors and relay neurons

Front 29

The inner nuclear layer of the retina contains....

Back 29

Relay neuron cell bodies.

Front 30

The inner plexiform layer of the retina contains...

Back 30

Synapses between the relay neurons and ganglia

Front 31

The ganglionic layer of the retina contains..

Back 31

ganglion cell bodies

Front 32

Nerve fiber layer of the retina

Back 32

Contains ganglion cell axons

Front 33

Size of the fovea

Back 33

about 1.5mm

Front 34

What is the foveal pit

Back 34

An area in the central retina with no blood vessels for unobstructed light path.

Front 35

The foveola contains which types of cells?

Back 35

Only cone cells. (no rods)

Front 36

Rods use....as a light sensitive element.

Back 36

Rhodopsin

Front 37

In contrast to photosensitive rods which use rhodopsin to sense light, cones use....

Back 37

Three different opsins

Front 38

Pie in the sky visual field loss

Back 38

Contralateral Myers loop lesion
or
Contralateral lesion in the lower bank of the calcarine fissure

Front 39

Pie on the floor visual field loss

Back 39

Contralateral optic radiation lesion
or
Contralateral lesion in the upper bank of the calcarine fissure

Front 40

Retinal ganglionic P-Cells project to what parts of the LGN?

Back 40

Contralateral layers 6 and 4
Ipsilateral layers 5 and 3

Front 41

Retinal ganglionic M-cells go to what parts of the LGN?

Back 41

Contralateral layer 1
Ipsilateral layer 2

Front 42

All Magnocellular retinal ganglion cells (M-cells) project through layer....

Back 42

4C alpha

Front 43

All Parvocellular retinal ganglion cells (P-cells) project through layer.....

Back 43

4C beta

Front 44

In the context of hearing, ITD stands for....

Back 44

Interaural time delays

Front 45

ILD

Back 45

Sound pressure levels (interaural level difference)

Front 46

Left hemifield of hearing are processed in the.....

Back 46

Right inferior colliculs.

Front 47

Lesion in the inferior colliculus results in....

Back 47

Contralateral hemifield localization deficits

Front 48

Where is the primary auditory cortex?

Back 48

Temporal lobe
Area 41
By the lateral sylvian fissue.