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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Name for ear examination
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Otoscopy
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What is it called when you take something from the ear an put it on a slide?
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Otic cytology
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Aural Hematoma
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pocket of blood between the cartilage
Usually caused by otitis externa in dogs and ear mites in cats. Incision made and left upen, then the ear is sutured into a matress pattern. This pattern keeps blood from pooling again by holding the cartilage down. |
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Schirmer tear test
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Tear roduction tet (measures tear production)
KCS Fold at notch on the end,m place in lower lid, close eye and hold for 1 minute. Remove and measure |
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Intraocular pressure - glaucoma screen
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Use an ocular anesthetic and wait for 5 minutes. Calibrate the tonometer according to the directions.
Gently rest the tonometer on the cornea and take two readings frrom each eye OR Use a tonopen! Similar to tonometers. Use a latex seath on it to prevent contamination and calibrate. Touch the tip to the cornea until you hear a beep. Take multiple readings from each eye |
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Entropion
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Inward rolling of the lower eyelid
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Ectropion
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outward turning of the lower eyelid. Cornea may be exposed if the eyelids do not shut properly
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Cherry eye
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Protrusion of the tear gland associated with the 3rd eyelid
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Glaucoma
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Causes increase in intra occular pressure
Diabetic animals have higher risk of glaucoma. The retina can get detached and cause blindness |
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Cataracts
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Opaque oval/ circular structure over the lenses. Causes cloudiness of the eyes
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First intention healing
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Fresh clean wound with minimal trauma and minimal contamination thaat is treated within 8 hours.
Closed with suture Delayed primary is a 1st intention that is closed after 3-5 days before development of granulation tissue |
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Second intention healing
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Wound heals without surgical closure (Contraction and epitheliazation)
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Third intention healing
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Secondary closure of a wound that is allowed to granulate and closed after 3-5 days.
Severely contaminated wounds, severely traumatized wounds and requries lots of debridement |
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Abrasions
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"Road rash"
Exposure to the deep dermis. You will want to keep the surface moist and protected. Change bandage every 3-4 days and allow for 2nd intention healing |
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Lacerations
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Sharply incised edges and can be superficial or deep
If it is less than 12 hours - Debridement, lavage and primary closure More than 12 hours - En bloc debridement and primary closure Not jagged or ripped/torn |
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Burns
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Prone to infection, needs to be managed as an open wound
Repeated debridement, sterile bandage material used and changed often. DO NOT COAT WITH LOTIONS OR SALVES |
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Puncture wounds
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Deep tisue damage.
Exploration, debridemnt, lavage and first intention closure If contaminated, place a drain. |
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Degloving
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Allowed to heal by second intention.
Removal of skin and deep tissue Skin necrosis 3-5 days post injury |
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What is the purpose of bandaging a wound?
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Wound healing
Protects from additional trauma/contamination Immobilizes Minimizes edema Absorbs exudate Lift away foreign material Promotes an acidic environment (prevents CO2 loss, absorbs ammonia produced by bactera and increases O2 availability to the wound) Keeps the wound warm which improves healing and oxygen availability |
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How many layers are in a bandage
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Three!
Primary - adherent Secondary- padding tertiary - conforming, protective ALSO STIRRUPS |
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Ehmer Sling
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Imobilizes hind limbs and prevents weight bearing (luxation)
Minimal padding suggested and applied with adhesive tape alone to prevent slippage |
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Velpeau Sling
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Holds the flexed forelimb and prevents movement in all joints
indicated in Luxation reduction and capular fractures |
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Carpal Flexion sling
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Immobilizes the carpus and maintains flexion after tendon repair
Relieves tension on flexor tendons |
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Splinting
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Can be made with tongue depressor, cast material, spoon splint, etc
Temporarily immobilizes certain fractures and supports traumatized distal limbs Should be well padded to prevent pressure points and ALWAYS placed on the caudal aspect off the limb |
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Casting
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Cast material is applied instead of a tertiary layer. Usually made of fiberglass and is ligght weight
Extends one joint above and below and has minimal padding - prevents cast loosening, prevents movement and excessive compression. Monitor weekly Has least amount of padding |
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Monitoring of bandage, sling, and cast monitoring
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Inpatients - daily
Outpatients - weekly Check toes - warmth, color, and swelling Check for odor or chafing of cast Cover for walks and restrain from chewing Limit execise to brief leash walks |
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What initiates wound healing? What are the 4 stages of wound healing?
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Platelets initiate wound healing
1. Inflammatory - Begins immediately after injury, characterized by formation of a blood clot, platelets stimulate other stages by release of growth factors 2. Debridement - Characterized by influx of white blood cells (macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils) into wound. Occurs approx. 6-8 hrs after injury 3. Repair - Begins 3-5 days after wound. Characterized by invasion of fibroblasts and development of granulation tissue. Wound strength increases exponentially 4. Maturation - Characterized by remodeling of the collagen of the scar and slow gain in wound strength. Begins approx 3 weeks after injury and may take weeks to years to complete |
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Inflammatory Phase
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1st phase
Begins immediately after injury. Vasocontriction (5-10 min) then vasodilation leaks fluid with clotting factors and WBC Blood clot forms which then forms a scab |
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Debridement phase
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second stage
\ Begins around 6 hours after injury Neutrophils and macrophages appear in the wound They remove necrotic tissue, bacteria, foreign material |
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Blood clot formation
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1st part of clot is platgelets
2n part of clot - Clotting factors 3red part of clot - fibrinogen 4th part of clot - fibroblasts and collagen Wound gets stronger and stronger |
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Repair phase
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3rd phase
Active for 3-5 days (lag phase) Invasion of fibroblasts that produce collagen (matures into scar tissue) New capillaries start to appear, along with fibroblasts and fibrous tissue it creates granulation tissue (3-5 days) under the scab Fills in the tissue deficit, protects the wound, provides a barrier against infection and provides surface for new epithelial cells (epithelialzation) Wound contraction helps reduce the size of the wound and new skin is formed |
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Maturation phase
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4th phase of wound healing
Wound strength increases to the maximum level # of capillaries decrease )Scar becomes pale) Can continue for several years |
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External factors that can affect wound healing
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Foreign material in the wound
Infection tight bandages movement drugs radiation/chemo Steroids NSAIDS Aspirin |
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Immediate wound care
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Cover until stabilized
Dont use antibiotic creams ointments or powders Remove the bandage after stabilization and pack with sterile gauze or ky jelly to keep hair from entering the wound when clipped. Then make a temporary closure with suture or towel clamps (if applicable) Clip and prep |
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Surgical, En Bloc, and enzymatic debridement
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Both done by vet.
Surgical - excising the affected tissue in layers En Bloc - Complete excision/cut out entire area (Small wounds) Enzymatic debridement - wounds that are not suitable for surgical debidement. Trypsan used (breaks down protein like hairs, etc). This process is slower and can damage normal tissue |
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Ear care - What is needed?
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Otoscope and correct otoscope head
Ear loop to remove debris Ceruminalytic agent to soften wax Cotton balls Normal saline initially as a cleaning agent until the tympanic membrane can be assessed Soft rubber bulbs, syringe and and catheter or automatic device +/- anesthetic agent/tranquilizer and you may need to pluck the hair w/in the ear with forcepts or your fingers Alligator forceps |
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Lag phase
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During the first 3-5 days of wound healing where wound strength is minimal
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Lag phase
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During the first 3-5 days of wound healing where wound strength is minimal
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Lag phase
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During the first 3-5 days of wound healing where wound strength is minimal
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Wound lavage
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Removes debris and loose particles from wound.
Large volumes of warm, sterile, balanced electrolyte olution used. ABO's should not be added along with soap, detergents, antiseptic solutions, etc. Moderate pressure with a 35 ml syringe and 19 g needle |