Extra Credit Bio 121

Front 1

William Harvey

Back 1

In 1628 he published a treatise and completely described Systemic Circulation and the properties of blood pumped to the brain and body by the heart.

Hint 1

Heart

Front 2

Robert Hooke

Back 2

In 1665 he published the book Micrographia wich inspired the use of microscopes for scientific exploration.

Based on his microscopic research of fossils he was an early proponant of evolution.

Hint 2

Microscopic

Front 3

Francesco Redi

Back 3

In 1668 he published a book (Experiments on the Generations of Insects) disproved false facts about vipers, and observed that snake venom was produced by the fangs, not gallbladder.

Hint 3

Snakes

Front 4

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

Back 4

A father of microbiology. Made his own microscopes. In 1673 he published his findings on mold/fungus, bees and lice. The year after he discovered single-celled life, and determined the size of red blood cells.

Hint 4

Small creatures

Front 5

Carolus Linnaeus

Back 5

In 1735, published Systema Naturae, which introduced modern taxonomy. Uses binomial nomenclature (genus and specific epithet, in latin.)

Hint 5

Long lines

Front 6

Luigi Galvani

Back 6

In 1781 discovered galvanic/voltaic electricity by making a dead frog's muscles twitch with electricity. The body is powered by electrical impulses.

Inspired Frankenstein.

Hint 6

Electrocution.

Front 7

Jean Lamarck

Back 7

In 1809 described an evolutionary theory: inheritance of aquired characteristics, or soft inheritance.

Hint 7

Debunked evolution theory

Front 8

Georges Cuvier

Back 8

He investigated fossils of living and extinct mammals, studied so much palaeontology on mammals he pretty much created the field. In 1825 published a book on his findings of fossils and theorized about catastrophism: the earth has been affected in the past by short-lived violent events, like great floods and earthquakes.

Hint 8

Fossils and catastrophy

Front 9

Karl E. Von Baer

Back 9

In 1828 described the germ layer theory of devolopment and discovered a lot about Embryology and created Baer's laws of embroyology.

1. General characteristics of the group to which an embryo belongs develop before special characteristics.2. General structural relations are likewise formed before the most specific appear.3. The form of any given embryo does not converge upon other definite forms, but separates itself from them.4. The embryo of a higher animal form never resembles the adult of another animal form, such as one less evolved, but only its embryo

Hint 9

Embryo

Front 10

Matthias Schleiden

Back 10

In 1838, stated that the all of different parts/tissues of plants are composed of cells or derivitives of cells, and their development of tissues comes from the activity of cells. He called it 'phytogenesis.'

Hint 10

Plants

Front 11

Theodor Schwann

Back 11

In 1839 declared all animals and plants are made from one single fundamental unit: cells. He managed to help establish the unity of life.

Hint 11

Fundamental

Front 12

Claude Bernard

Back 12

In 1851, he made the theory if Homeostasis - an organisim's internal environment stays inside a normal range.

Hint 12

Sweat

Front 13

Rudolf Virchow

Back 13

He discovered the third part of cell theory - All cells come from cells.

Hint 13

Division

Front 14

Alfred Wallace and Charles Darwin

Back 14

They formally theorized natural selection and the process of evolution in 1858.

Hint 14

The origin of species

Front 15

Louis Pasteur

Back 15

He discovered Pasteurization, that heating wine, milk and so on would kill off the microorganisms in them and help prevent spoiling.

Hint 15

Milk

Front 16

Gregor Mendel

Back 16

He discovered recessive and dominant traits - genes - and how they effect organisms.

Hint 16

Mendel Model

Front 17

Robert Koch

Back 17

A father of microbiology, he discovered the bacteria Tuberculosis. He found that bacteria can cause disease.

Hint 17

Germs

Front 18

Walter Sutton and Theodor Boveri

Back 18

They theorized Chromosomes, which are seen in all dividing cells and are passed down generations, are the basis for genetic inheritance.

Front 19

Ivan Pavlov

Back 19

He discovered involuntary reflexes and their connections to psychology and pysiology, and made a lot of discoveries related to the digestive system. He discovered that involentary reflexes can be programmed - Classical Conditioning, such as a dog drolling when he knows it's time to eat. He won an Noble Prize for these discoveries in 1904.

Hint 19

Drool

Front 20

Thomas Morgan

Back 20

In 1910 discovered sex-linked chromosomes/traits (in fruit flies)

Hint 20

Fruit Fly

Front 21

Hilde Mangold and Hans Spermenn

Back 21

Discovered embroyonic organizers, a crucial discoverery for embryo differentiation of tissue and control of growth.

Front 22

Alaxander Fleming

Back 22

Created the first antibiotic: Penicillin G from mold (he even called it mold juice for a few months)

Hint 22

Mold juice

Front 23

Konrad Lorenz

Back 23

Studied instincts, specifically the imprinting of geese to the first moving thing they see.

Hint 23

Are you my mommy?

Front 24

Hans Krebs

Back 24

1937, discovered the Krebs Cycle, or the Citric Acid Cycle.

Hint 24

His name

Front 25

George Beadle and Edward Tatum

Back 25

Discovered that genes control individual steps in metabolism, by way of enzymes. They changed genes of a mold with x-rays, thay changed enzymes that effected metabolism.

Hint 25

It's in my genes

Front 26

Avery, Macleod and McCarty

Back 26

Discovered that DNA, not protiens, are the hereditary material of bacteria, but this was a big step.

Hint 26

Little descendents

Front 27

Melvin Calvin and Andrew Benson

Back 27

Discovered the Calvin Cycle (light-independent reactions of photosynthesis.)(Calvin claimed full credit and fired Benson >:( )

Hint 27

His name

Front 28

Barbara McClintock

Back 28

Discovered transposition of DNA and used it to demonstrate that genes are responsible for turning physical characteristics on or off.

Only women (so far!) To have a Noble Prize in Physiology or Medicine. (And people tried to suppress her :(( )

Hint 28

Jumping genes

Front 29

Watson Crick and Franklin

Back 29

Discovered DNA's double-helix structure

Front 30

Miller - Urey

Back 30

Simulated primordial earth and discovered it could create monomers through natural phenomenon.

Front 31

Linus Pauling

Back 31

Discovered the nature of the Chemical Bond

Front 32

Jonas Salk

Back 32

Made a vaccine for Polio with dead polio viruses.

Hint 32

Plague cure

Front 33

Meselson and Stahl

Back 33

Discovered DNA's semi-conservative replication.

Hint 33

DNA Replication

Front 34

Jacob and Monad

Back 34

Discovered enzyme expression controlled by regulation of DNA transcription. Lac repressor

Hint 34

Enzyme control

Front 35

Rachel Carson

Back 35

Described the harmful effects of pesticide to the environment.

Hint 35

Silent Spring

Front 36

Nirenberg and Leder

Back 36

Deciphered the genetic code the rest of the way. Which DNA codes for what amino acids into protiens.

Hint 36

Decipher

Front 37

Stanley Cohen

Back 37

Successfully transplanter genes, birth of genetic engineering.

Hint 37

Artificial

Front 38

Carl Woese

Back 38

Defined the Archaea domain, redrew the taxinomic tree with phylogenetic relationships.

Hint 38

New branch

Front 39

Peter Mitchell

Back 39

Discovered chemiosmosic, movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane down the concentration gradient.

Hint 39

Electron Transport Chain works by

Front 40

Altman and Check

Back 40

Discovered the catalytic properties of RNA

Hint 40

RNA is like a protien because

Front 41

Blaese, Anderson and Culver

Back 41

Discovered gene therapy.

Front 42

Ian Wilmut

Back 42

Made the first clone of a mammal.

Hint 42

Dolly

Front 43

Human Genome Project

Back 43

Project to completely map human DNA from both a physical and functional standpoint.

Front 44

Craig Venter

Back 44

Created 'synthetic life' by synthesizing a DNA strand and inserting it into a cell.

Front 45

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase

Back 45

Confirmed that DNA is genetic material, not protiens.