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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What occurs when CamK2 is activated? |
PKA and PKC are activated and cause a cascade of affects via Ca and DAG |
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What is the role of spectrin? |
It helps maintain shape and gives support to cell and axonal membrane by forming a lattice. |
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Microtubule transport retrograde protein? andrograde protein? What size doe the transport occur in? max speed? |
ret:dyneins andro:kinesins (membrane bound cargo) 5nm hops max 12mm/hr |
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protein for BOTX |
synaptobrevin |
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what does the ankyrin channel bind to? |
bind to B4 spectrin which allowed it to bodnd to actin cytoskeloten |
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What other proteins have a PDZ binding domain? |
NOS |
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How many Ca binding sites does synaptotagmin have? What increases with ca attachment What do synaptoptagmin and complexin form? |
5 the chance of vesicle release a clamp and a calcium sensor |
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What does myelin debris release that inhibits growth? Which developmental axon guidance molecules are upregulated in the CNS in injury? |
Nogo and MAG semaphorins, tenascin, CAMs, Eph/epherin |
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What does kinesin use for energy to transport cellular vesicles? |
ATP |
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How often do ICC procude contraction? |
3 times/min |
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What type of GPCR is kainite? |
Gaq |
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What binds to the 3rd domains of the PDZ? |
NMDA CAMK2 NOS SHANL (via GKAP) NL |
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What does RIM bind to? |
vesicle VCa2+ Munc18/13 |
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What myelin inhibitors are there? what do they bind to? what are they associate with? what downstream signalling do they results in |
Nogo MAG OMgp Nogo receptor (NgR) p75/LINGO and/or TROY/LINGO rho signalling |
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Where does the DMH receive input? |
amygdala bed nucleus of stria terminals hypothalamus medial pre frontal cortex |
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Where do you decide it an action is good or not? |
medial pre frontal corted |
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What does Gat do |
inhibits cGMP phosphodiesterase |
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Which skin mechanoreceptor encodes the braille pattern? |
Merkel |
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Which machine receptors are rapidly adapting? slowly? |
meissner and pacinian merkel and ruffini |
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Where are the raphe nuclei located? |
medulla, pons and midebrain |
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What does the reticular activation system consist of? What is it in control of? |
Sero Ach NA Sleep/wake cycles, arousal and vigilance |
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What does the cholinergic neuromodulatory system consist of? What do they innervate |
Rostral - caudal septum - hippocampus diagonal band - olfactory cortex basal nucleus - entire neocortex |
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What type of neuron receptors do the following have?: pyramidal nueorns interneuorns autoreceptors |
m1 - glutamergic m2 - GABA m4 - autoreceptor |
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M1ACH receptor in hippocampus |
acitvate PLC, activated sodium pacemaker channels closure of M type K+ channels |
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What binds to the 3 PDZ domains? |
1st: AMPA 2nd: usually NMDA, CaMKII, NOS, SHANK (via GKAP) 3rd: Neuroligins |
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What binds Shanks to actin cytoskeleton? |
via cortactin to actin via homer to glutamate receptor via homer to IP3 receptors on smooth ER |
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What superfamily does GABA and glycine come from? |
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (atleast 2 alpha subunits) |
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How much of the vesicle surface is protein? How much is lipid? |
60% protein 40% lipid |
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What do all membrane fusion events require? |
formation of a SNARE complex (pull two membranous structures together) An SM protein eg Munc 18 (initiates phospholipid mixing) |
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How many SNARE proteins are required per vesicle docking? What supplies them? |
4 one - by the vesicle (synaptobrevin/VAMP) 3 by plasma membrane at the synaptic terminal 2 per SNAP 25 protein 1 per syntaxin |
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What is the role of the Munc protein? |
It promotes bending by forming a complex with syntax resulting in steric hindrance |
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What happens if enough calcium binds to synaptotgamin? |
it pulls tighter on complexion which allowed the SNARE complex to go the the membrane |
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components of axonal skeleton and sizes |
MIM microfilament 8nm intermediate filament 10nm microtubule 24nm |
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How is microtubule synthesised? What are the two ends? Where is it synthesised? |
synthesised by polymerisation of ab tubulin heterodimers b end = + extension + shortening a end = - site of nucleation and anchoring in the centriole - adjacent to nucleus |
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What protein is for anterograde transport on the microtubule? Reterograde? |
Kinesin Dyenein |
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Where are the 4 neurotrophins located? |
NGF - nocioceptive sensory neurons, sympathetig ganglia, cholinergic neurons of basal forebrain BDNF - tough sensors, MNs, spa of midbrain NT3 - proprioceptive sensory neurons NT4 - some sensory neurons and some MNs |
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What signalling can neurotrophins have? |
1) PI3 kinase - PKB Akt kinase - cell survivale 2) ras - knisases - MAP kinase- outgrowth/differentiation 3) PLC - IP3 - Ca2+ relase or PLC - DAG - PKC activity dependent plasticity |
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tubulin by GTP or GDP is unstable? |
GDP |
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receptors |
sympa: N2, a/b para: N2, M |
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4 inputs to DMH |
medial pre frontal cortex bed nucleus of the stria terminals amygdala hypothalamus |
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How many neurons and muscles in the somatic gastric NS |
13 neurons 3 muscles |
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What levels are glucose usually regulated at? What is osmolarity usually regulated at? |
4-5mmol/L 295-200mmol/L |
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What is a good sensor of osmolarity? What is a bad one? |
Lamina terminalas - SFO and OVLT anterior cingulate cortex - stops signal upon a little bit of water |
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What are the 2 regions of the Lamina terminalis? What makes them able to measure osmolarity |
SFO and OVLT leaky BBB |
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What happens to OVLT neurons in hypertonic situations? Hypotonic? |
hyper: shrink hypo: swell |
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What happens to OVLT neurons when there is an increase in cell size (hypo) |
decrease in firing (probably via TRP channels) |
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where are other osmosensitive cells? |
SON and PVN (lamina temrinalis inputs here) |
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Where do OVLT neurons connect to to change osmolality? |
magnocellular neurons in the posterior pituitary which release vasopressin and oxytocin (lactation) |
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How many amino acids in vasopressin |
9 |
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How many vasopressin receptors are there? Which one do we care about? |
2, V2 - metabotropic - on collecting ducts - Gas = increased insertion and production of aquaporins in to the cell membrane |
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What does activation of aMSH/CART neurons do to metabolic rate? |
increase it |
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What part of the hypothalamus is for regulation of food intake |
lateral - LHA |
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where is the arcuate nucleus? |
basal hypothalamus |
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a lesion of what part of the brain causes underweight? overweight? |
lateral ventral medial |
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How can weed affect appetite? |
CB1 receptor which is activated by THC causes increase in food intake |
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What types of cells of Dogiel type 2 neurons? |
Snesory even though they have synaptic input |
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2 weeks 3 weeks 3 months |
peripheral nucleus, loss of Nissl, atrophy schwann cells from compact cord (growth .5-3mm/day) atrophy gone, back to normal |
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What do schwann cells secrete? |
structure: laminin, fibronectins, collagen cell surface molecules: L1-NCAm, Ncadherin BDNF |
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what is expressed in regrowing axons? |
actin and microtubule dynamics increase expression of GAP43 in growth cones increase in integrins binding to ECM |
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GFs expressed in muscle |
HGF, FGF, GDNF, NT3 |
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minutes - hours hours -days days -weeks |
ischaemia, calcium influx, BBB breakdown, ROS, excitotoxicty immune cell infiltration, microglia, city/chemokines degeneration, demyelination, apoptosis , gliosis plus scar (barrier between injury and tissue) |
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preforant, mossy fibre, schaffer mossy = non associative |
CA3 input to self |
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calcium activitaed enzymes in dendrites |
camk2 nos pla2 calmodulin PKC calpain |
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retrograde messengers |
arachidonic acid nitric oxide carbon monoxid CAN retrograde |
