Exss 175 Terms

Front 1

study of structures that can be examined without a microscope

Back 1

gross anatomy

Front 2

emphasizes structure AND function. relates to medicine and other health sciences

Back 2

clinically oriented anatomy

Front 3

visualization in the "mind's eye" of structures that lie beneath the skin

Back 3

surface anatomy

Front 4

What are the principal systems of the body

Back 4

MURDERS LINC: muscular, urinary, repiratory, digestive, endocrine, reproductive, skeletal, lymphatic, integumentary, nervous, and cardiovascular

Front 5

what are the components of the skeletal system?

Back 5

all bones and their associated cartilages and joints

Front 6

what are the functions of the skeletal system?

Back 6

Supports and protects the body, provides surface area for muscle attachment, assists in body movements, and bone cells store and create blood cells

Front 7

what are the components of the articular system?

Back 7

the joints of the body...basically combined with the skeletal system

Front 8

what are the components of the articular system?

Back 8

gonads (testes and ovaries) and associated organs

Front 9

what are the functions of the reproductive system?

Back 9

Produce reproductive cells (sperm and ova), release of regulatory hormones, and the transportation and storage of reproductive cells

Front 10

what is another name for the urinary system?

Back 10

renal system

Front 11

what are the components of the urinary system?

Back 11

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

Front 12

what are the functions of the urinary system?

Back 12

produce store and eliminate urine (waste), regulate volume and chemical composition of blood, and regulate fluid and electrolyte balance

Front 13

what are the components of the muscular system?

Back 13

skeletal muscle tissue, smooth muscle tissue (visceral), and cardiac muscle tissue

Front 14

what are the functions of the muscular system?

Back 14

produce movement, maintain posture, and produce heat

Front 15

what are the components of the nervous system?

Back 15

brain, spinal cord, nerves, and special sense organs (ex: eyes and ears)

Front 16

what are the functions of the nervous system?

Back 16

regulate body activities (nerve impulses), detect change in internal/external environment (interprets), muscle contraction and glandular secretions, and it is the most important system for sustaining life

Front 17

what are the components of the digestive system?

Back 17

gastrointestinal tract (GI) and associated organs (salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas)

Front 18

what are the functions of the digestive system?

Back 18

achieve physical and chemical breakdown of food, absorb nutrients, eliminate solid waste

Front 19

what are the components of the endocrine system?

Back 19

all hormone-producing glands and hormone-producing cells in other organs

Front 20

what are the functions of the endocrine system?

Back 20

regulate body activities through hormones, and transport chemicals in blood to various target organs of the body

Front 21

what are the components of the respiratory system?

Back 21

lungs and associated passageways (pharynx, larynx, trachea)

Front 22

what are the functions of the respiratory system?

Back 22

transfer O2 from inhaled air to blood, transfer CO2 from blood to exhaled air, regulate acid-base balance of body fluids, and air flowing out of lungs through vocal cords produces sound

Front 23

what are the components of the cardiovascular system?

Back 23

blood, heart, and blood vessels

Front 24

what is another name for the cardiovascular system?

Back 24

circulatory system

Front 25

what are the functions of the cardiovascular sytem?

Back 25

blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells, carries CO2 and wastes from cells, regulates acid-base balance temperature and water content of body fluids, and helps defend against disease and mend damaged blood vessels

Front 26

what are the components of the lymphatic system?

Back 26

lymphatic fluid/vessels, spleen, tonsils, etc.

Front 27

what are the functions of the lymphatic system?

Back 27

returns proteins and plasma to CV system, carries lipids from GI tract to blood, and protects against disease-causing microbes

Front 28

what are the components of the integumentary system?

Back 28

skin and structures derived from it (ex: hair, nails, sweat and oil glands)

Front 29

what are the functions of the integumentary system?

Back 29

protects body, helps regulate body temperature, eliminates some waste, and detects sensations such as touch, pain, warmth, and cold

Front 30

body lying face down is called ______.

Back 30

prone

Front 31

body lying face up is called _______.

Back 31

supine

Front 32

regional name for head?

Back 32

skull and face

Front 33

regional name for neck?

Back 33

supports the head and attaches it to trunk

Front 34

regional name for upper limbs?

Back 34

shoulder, armpit, arm, forearm, wrist, hand, and finger

Front 35

regional name for lower limbs?

Back 35

buttock, thigh, leg, ankle, foot, and toes

Front 36

what is another name for superior?

Back 36

cranial or cephalic

Front 37

what is another name for inferior?

Back 37

caudal

Front 38

directional term for towards the head or upper part of a structure

Back 38

superior

Front 39

directional term for away from the head or lower part of structure

Back 39

inferior

Front 40

nearer to front of the body

Back 40

anterior

Front 41

nearer to the back of the body

Back 41

posterior

Front 42

another name for anterior

Back 42

ventral or belly side

Front 43

another name for posterior

Back 43

dorsal or back

Front 44

nearer to the midline

Back 44

medial

Front 45

farther from the midline

Back 45

lateral

Front 46

nearer to the point of attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to origination of a structure

Back 46

proximal

Front 47

farther from point of attachment of a limb to the trunk; farther from origination of a structure

Back 47

distal

Front 48

toward or on surface of body

Back 48

superficial

Front 49

away from surface of body

Back 49

deep

Front 50

toward or in interior

Back 50

internal

Front 51

another name for internal

Back 51

central

Front 52

toward or on exterior

Back 52

external

Front 53

another name for external

Back 53

peripheral

Front 54

pertaining to forming outer wall of body cavity

Back 54

parietal

Front 55

pertaining to covering of organ in ventral cavity

Back 55

visceral

Front 56

a two-dimensional surface defined by 3 points not on the same line

Back 56

plane

Front 57

motion occurs in.....

Back 57

a plane

Front 58

a line passing perpendicular through a plane

Back 58

axis

Front 59

motion occurs about....

Back 59

an axis

Front 60

describe relative movements of body parts

Back 60

planes

Front 61

describe the lines around which motions occur

Back 61

axes

Front 62

________ have corresponding axes

Back 62

planes

Front 63

plane that divides the body into equal right and left sides

Back 63

sagittal plane

Front 64

plane that divides into anterior and posterior portions

Back 64

frontal (coronal) plane

Front 65

plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions

Back 65

transverse plane

Front 66

what are the three axes of motion?

Back 66

antero-posterior axis, mediolater axis, longitudinal axis

Front 67

another name for the mediolateral axis

Back 67

transverse axis

Front 68

sagittal plane, ______ axis

Back 68

mediolateral axis

Front 69

axes are _____________ to anatomical planes

Back 69

perpendicular

Front 70

frontal plane, __________ axis

Back 70

antero-posterior axis

Front 71

transverse plane, ________ axis

Back 71

longitundinal axis

Front 72

making a decrease in angle

Back 72

flexion

Front 73

making an increase in angle

Back 73

extension

Front 74

moving away from midline of the body

Back 74

abduction

Front 75

moving towards the midline of the body

Back 75

adduction

Front 76

anterior surface moves toward midline

Back 76

medial (internal) rotation

Front 77

anterior surface moves away from midline

Back 77

lateral (external) rotation

Front 78

the axial skeletal system is made up of...

Back 78

skull, hyoid, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, ear, ossicles

Front 79

the appendicular skeleton is made up of...

Back 79

upper and lower limbs and pelvic and pectoral girdles

Front 80

how many bones in the axial skeleton?

Back 80

80 bones

Front 81

axial skeleton lies along the _____ axis

Back 81

longitudinal axis

Front 82

how many bones in the skull?

Back 82

22 bones

Front 83

how many cranial bones in the skull?

Back 83

8

Front 84

how many facial bones in the skull?

Back 84

14

Front 85

mucous-lined cavities in the skull

Back 85

paranasal sinuses

Front 86

the only moveable bone of the skull (other than the ear ossicles within the temporal bones)

Back 86

mandible

Front 87

immovable joints that hold the skull bones together

Back 87

sutures

Front 88

forms the large cranial cavity and smaller cavities (including the nasal cavity and orbits aka eye sockets)

Back 88

skull

Front 89

function of the 8 cranial bones?

Back 89

protect brain, house ear ossicles, and provide muscle attachment for jaw neck and facial muscles

Front 90

function of the 14 facial bones?

Back 90

protect delicate sense organs such as smell taste and vision, and support entrances to digestive and respiratory systems

Front 91

what are the 8 cranial bones?

Back 91

frontal, parietal (2), temporal (2), occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid

Front 92

forehead, roof of orbits, and anterior cranial floor

Back 92

frontal bone

Front 93

a black eye results from the accumulation of fluid and blood in the upper eyelid following a blow to the relatively sharp _______.

Back 93

supraorbital margin (brow line)

Front 94

sides and roof of cranial cavity

Back 94

parietal bone

Front 95

temporal squama, zygomatic process forms part of arch, external auditory meatus, mastoid process, styloid process, stylomastoid foramen, mandibular fossa, petrous portion

Back 95

temporal bone

Front 96

carotid foramen (carotid artery), jugular foramen (jugular vein)

Back 96

temporal bone

Front 97

foramen magnum, occipital condyles, external occipital protuberance attachment for ligamentum nuchae, superior and inferior nuchal lines

Back 97

occipital bone

Front 98

at the base of skull

Back 98

sphenoid bone

Front 99

attachment sites for jaw muscles

Back 99

pterygoid processes

Front 100

_________ of sphenoid is a cube-like portion holding sphenoid sinuses

Back 100

body

Front 101

has greater and lesser wings

Back 101

sphenoid

Front 102

has pterygoid processes

Back 102

sphenoid

Front 103

______ of sphenoid bone holds pituitary gland

Back 103

sella turcia

Front 104

has lesser wing and greater wing, and optic foramen

Back 104

sphenoid bone

Front 105

forms part of the anterior portion of the cranial floor, the medial wall of the orbits, the superior portion of the nasal septum, most of the superior side walls of the nasal cavity

Back 105

ethmoid bone

Front 106

is a major superior supporting structure of the nasal cavity

Back 106

ethmoid bone

Front 107

________________ of the ethmoid bone attaches to the membranes that cover the brain

Back 107

crista galli

Front 108

lateral masses of ethmoid bone contain _________

Back 108

ethmoid sinuses

Front 109

_____________ is upper part of nasal septum

Back 109

perpendicular plate

Front 110

what is the purpose of the superior and middle nasal concha or turbinates?

Back 110

filters and warms air

Front 111

floor of the orbit, floor of nasal cavity or hard palate, maxillary sinus

Back 111

maxillary bones

Front 112

what holds pituitary gland?

Back 112

sella turcia

Front 113

what holds your eyeballs?

Back 113

optic foramen

Front 114

what holds your teeth in place?

Back 114

alveolar processes

Front 115

defect that occurs when two maxillary bones in the front do not fus together

Back 115

cleft palate

Front 116

cheek bones

Back 116

zygomatic bones

Front 117

what are the two functions of the inferior nasal conchae (2 separate bones)?

Back 117

to warm and filter the air and to catch all of the dirt.

Front 118

what are people more likely to get a nose bleed in the winter?

Back 118

because the inferior nasal conchae is extremely dry and non-humid, causing the skin to dry out and crack and cause a nose bleed.

Front 119

the mandible articulates with the temporal bone to form the _______.

Back 119

temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

Front 120

dysfunction to varying degrees of the TMJ

Back 120

temporomandibular joint syndrome

Front 121

L-shaped bone: one end is back part of hard palate, other end is part of orbit

Back 121

palatine

Front 122

posterior part of nasal septum

Back 122

vomer

Front 123

divides nasal cavity into left and right sies

Back 123

nasal septum

Front 124

formed by vomer, perpendicular plate of ethmoid and septal cartilage

Back 124

nasal septum

Front 125

developmental abnormality or trauma in which the nasal septum does not line in the middle

Back 125

deviated septum

Front 126

contain the eyeballs and associated structures

Back 126

the orbits (eye sockets)

Front 127

how many bones of the skull form the orbits?

Back 127

seven

Front 128

five important _________ are associated with each orbit

Back 128

foramina

Front 129

what are the five foramina of the skull?

Back 129

foramen magnum, optic foramen, mandibular foramen, carotid foramen, and stylomastoid foramen

Front 130

at the end of the temporal bone and rotate and slide forward to allow the jaw to move

Back 130

condylar process

Front 131

bridge between the rest of the jaw and where it attaches to the temporal bone

Back 131

ramus

Front 132

the jaw itself

Back 132

Temporomandibular joint (tmj)

Front 133

connects the brain to the spinal cord

Back 133

foramen magnum

Front 134

have a thin layer of mucous. if you have a sinus problem, the mucous increases and fills up the hollow chambers

Back 134

paranasal sinuses

Front 135

how the skull is held together

Back 135

sutures

Front 136

what are the 4 sutures of the skull?

Back 136

lambdoid, coronal, sagittal, and squamous

Front 137

immovable joints found only between skull bones and hold skull bones together

Back 137

sutures

Front 138

unites the front and both parietal bones

Back 138

coronal suture

Front 139

unites the two parietal bones

Back 139

sagittal suture

Front 140

unites the two parietal bones to the occipital

Back 140

lambdoid suture

Front 141

unites the parietal and temporal bones

Back 141

squamous suture

Front 142

cavities in bones of the skull that communicate with the nasal cavity

Back 142

paranasal sinuses

Front 143

lined by mucous membranes and also serve to lighten the skull and serve as resonating chambers for speech

Back 143

paranasal sinuses

Front 144

what cranial bones contain the paranasal sinuses?

Back 144

frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillae

Front 145

occurs when membranes of the paranasal sinuses become inflamed due to infection or allergy

Back 145

sinusitis (allergy)

Front 146

dense connective tissue membrane-filled spaces between the cranial bones of fetuses and infants. they remain unossified at birth but close early in a child's life

Back 146

fontanels

Front 147

what are the major fontanels?

Back 147

anterior, posterior, anterolaterals, and posterolaterals

Front 148

what are the two major functions of fontanels?

Back 148

1. they enable the fetal skull to modify its size and shape as it passes through the birth canal 2. they permit rapid growth of the brain during infancy

Front 149

what other bone of the body does the hyoid articulate with?

Back 149

only bone in body that touches no other bone; suspended by ligament and muscle from skull

Front 150

function of hyoid bone?

Back 150

supports the tongue and provides attachment for tongue, neck, and pharyngeal muscles

Front 151

what are the five vertebral regions of the vertebral column?

Back 151

cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx

Front 152

number and region of cervical vertebrae?

Back 152

7 in the neck

Front 153

number and region of thoracic vertebrae?

Back 153

12 in the thorax

Front 154

number and region of lumbar vertebrae?

Back 154

5 in the low back

Front 155

number of vertebrae in sacrum?

Back 155

5 fused

Front 156

number of vertebrae in coccyx?

Back 156

4 fused

Front 157

how many vertebrae are in the backbone/spine?

Back 157

26

Front 158

between adjacent vertebrae

Back 158

intervertebral discs

Front 159

what are 2 functions of intervertebral discs?

Back 159

absorbs vertical shock, permits various movements of the vertebral column

Front 160

what are the 4 normal vertebral curves?

Back 160

cervical, lumbar, thoracic, and sacral

Front 161

the 2 anteriorly convex curves are?

Back 161

cervical and lumbar

Front 162

the 2 anteriorly concave curves are?

Back 162

thoracic and sacral

Front 163

in the fetus, there is only a single _____________.

Back 163

anteriorly concave curve

Front 164

the ________ curve develops as the child begins to hold his head erect.

Back 164

cervical

Front 165

the _______ curve develops as the child begins to walk

Back 165

lumbar

Front 166

all curves are fully developed by age?

Back 166

10 years old

Front 167

thoracic and sacral are ______ curves formed during fetal development

Back 167

primary

Front 168

cervical and lumbar are ________ curves formed later in life

Back 168

secondary

Front 169

cervical is formed when infant raises head at what age?

Back 169

4 months

Front 170

lumbar forms when infant sits up and begins to talk at what age?

Back 170

1 year

Front 171

typical parts of a vertebrae?

Back 171

body, vertebral arch, vertebral foramen, seven processes, vertebral notches

Front 172

what is the weight bearing part of the vertebrae?

Back 172

body

Front 173

all vertebral foramen together makes up the _____

Back 173

spinal canal

Front 174

2 vertebral notches together

Back 174

intervertebral foramen

Front 175

the first cervical vertebra is the _______ and supports the skill

Back 175

atlas

Front 176

the second cervical vertebra is the ____ which permits side to side rotation of the head

Back 176

axis

Front 177

the seventh vertebra C7 is called the ___________ and corresponds somewhat differently to the structural patterns of the typical cervical vertebrae

Back 177

vertebra prominens--the bone that sticks out of the back of your lower neck

Front 178

the outer part of intervertebral discs that contains many rings on the inside

Back 178

annulus fibrosus

Front 179

the innter part of intervertebral discs that is made of a jelly-like substance

Back 179

nucleus pulposus

Front 180

cervical vertebrae have a transverse process with a hole in it to allow for the __________ to go through

Back 180

vertebral artery

Front 181

responsible for flexion/extension of the head

Back 181

atlas

Front 182

vertebrae with smaller bodies but larger spinal canal

Back 182

cervical

Front 183

have shorter transverse processes with transverse foramen for vertebral artery

Back 183

cervical vertebrae

Front 184

nodding movement at atlanto-occipital joing signifies "yes"

Back 184

atlas

Front 185

pivotal movement at atlanto-axial joint signifies "no"

Back 185

axis

Front 186

larger and stronger bodies, longer transverse and spinous processes, facet or demifacets on body for head of rib, facets on transverse processes for tubercle of rib

Back 186

thoracic vertebrae

Front 187

strongest and largest vertebrae

Back 187

lumbar

Front 188

short thick spinous and transverse processes

Back 188

lumbar vertebrae

Front 189

these 5 vertebrae fuse by age 30

Back 189

sacrum

Front 190

the spinous processes of the sacrum fuse together to form the

Back 190

median sacral crest

Front 191

the transverse processes of the sacrum fuse together to form the

Back 191

sacral ala ("wing")

Front 192

sacral canal ends at the____

Back 192

sacral hiatus

Front 193

SI joint?

Back 193

sacral-illiac joint

Front 194

formed by the fusion of 4 coccygeal vertebrae

Back 194

the coccyx

Front 195

frequently used during labor, causes numbness in the regions innervated by the sacral and coccygeal nerves (from the waist to the knees)

Back 195

caudal anesthesia (epidural block)

Front 196

the term _______ refers to the entire chest

Back 196

thorax

Front 197

the skeletal part of the thorax (a bony cage) consists of what 4 parts?

Back 197

sternum, costal cartilages, ribs, and the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae

Front 198

the __________ encloses and protects the organs in the thoracic and superios abdominal cavities. it also provides support for the bones of the shoulder girdle and upper limbs

Back 198

thoracic cage

Front 199

breastbone

Back 199

sternum

Front 200

3 parts of the sternum

Back 200

manubrium, body, xiphoid process

Front 201

true ribs

Back 201

1-7 (vertebrosternal)

Front 202

false ribs

Back 202

8-12 (vertebrochondral)

Front 203

floating ribs

Back 203

11-12

Front 204

located on the anterior midline of the thoracic wall

Back 204

sternum

Front 205

which part of sternum ossifies by age 40, is the CPR position, and abdominal mm?

Back 205

xiphoid process

Front 206

_______ is a common way of taking a bone sample because it is a very superficial thing

Back 206

sternal puncture

Front 207

how many pairs of ribs are there?

Back 207

12

Front 208

the most common types of chest injuries

Back 208

rib fractures

Front 209

have a piece of cartilage that goes directly to the sternum to connect

Back 209

true ribs (1-7)

Front 210

ribs that do not attach to the sternum

Back 210

floating ribs (11-12)

Front 211

what is the weakest part of the rib?

Back 211

coastal angle

Front 212

if patient says the pain is in the middle of chest, it is probably ___________________

Back 212

costal cartilage separation

Front 213

if patient says pain is on side of chest, it is probably ___________.

Back 213

rib fracture

Front 214

help with breathing

Back 214

internal intercostal and external intercostal muscles

Front 215

tubercle of rib articulates with ______ of vertebrae

Back 215

transverse process

Front 216

head of rib articulates with __________ of vertebrae

Back 216

vertebral bodies

Front 217

"common" orthopaedic pathologies of spine are?

Back 217

herniated disc and abnormal curvatures of the spine

Front 218

protrusion of the nucleus pulposus, pressure on spinal nerves causes pain

Back 218

herniated (slipped) disc

Front 219

herniated disc is most commonly in what region?

Back 219

lumbar

Front 220

surgical removal of disc

Back 220

laminectomy

Front 221

what does victim feel if disc is rupture, annulus fibrosus is ruptured?

Back 221

tingling and numbing in the extremities

Front 222

a lateral bending of the vertebral column

Back 222

scoliosis

Front 223

an exaggerated curve of the thoracic curve

Back 223

kyphosis

Front 224

an exaggeration of the lumbar curve

Back 224

lordosis

Front 225

a congenital defect caused by failure of the vertebral laminae to unite at the midline. may involve only one or several vertebrae; nervous tissue may or may not protrude through the skin

Back 225

spina bifida

Front 226

means "a birth defect" (you were born with it)

Back 226

congenital

Front 227

___________ often occurs in older individuals because of muscle weakness

Back 227

lordosis