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189 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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How many SPINAL NERVES are there?
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31
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Which of the SPINAL NERVES exit the VERTEBRAL CANAL by going through the INTERVERTEBRAL FORAMINA?
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ALL except for the FIRST PAIR
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Where do the FIRST PAIR of SPINAL NERVES exit the VERTEBRAL CANAL? What are the first pair of spinal nerves called?
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between the OCCIPITAL BONE and the ATLAS (C1); SUBOCCIPITAL nerve
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Most SPINAL NERVES emerge BELOW the vertebrae for which it is named. Which ones do not? Where do they emerge?
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C2-C7; they emerge ABOVE the vertebrae for which they are named. (i.e., C2 emerges above the C2 vertebra, while C8 emerges between the C7 and T1 vertebrae
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How are the SPINAL NERVES formed?
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They are formed by the union of the ventral (anterior) motor and the dorsal (posterior) sensory roots that leave or enter the spinal cord.
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SPINAL NERVES are composed of what?
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motor and sensory nerves (they are all mixed)
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What is the enlargement of dorsal roots called? What makes up the enlargement?
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DORSAL ROOT GANGLION; cell bodies of sensory neurons
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Except for special areas where are most of the enlargements of dorsal roots located? Where are the exceptions?
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at the area of the INTERVERTEBRAL FORAMINA; exceptions:
1. C1 and C2 = on the VERTEBRAL ARCHES 2. sacral area = inside the VERTEBRAL CANAL 3. coccygeal = within the DURA MATER |
There are thee exceptions.
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Each SPINAL NERVE divides into what? Each one of these receives fibers from what?
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dorsal and ventral RAMI; each ramus receives fibers from both the ventral and dorsal roots
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In which regions are the VENTRAL RAMI located?
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1. cervical
2. lumbar 3. sacral |
There are three of these.
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VENTRAL RAMI unite to form what?
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PLEXUSES
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To what do the VENTRAL RAMI supply nerves?
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1. skin (cutaneous innervation)
2. muscles 3. joints of the upper extremities 4. joints of the lower extremities |
There are four of them.
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Where does the CAUDA EQUINA begin on the spine?
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L2
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a network of interlacing nerves
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PLEXUS
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From what is the CERVICAL PLEXUS formed?
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the VENRAL RAMI OF THE FIRST 4 CERVICAL NERVES
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To what does the CERVICAL PLEXUS completely supply nerves? What does it *partially* innervate?
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completely innervates the muscles and skin of the:
1. neck 2. upper shoulders partially innervates the diaphragm |
There are two, one of them.
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Via which nerve is the DIAPHRAGM innervated?
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PHRENIC nerve
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Which PLEXUS has ascending and descending superficial branches and medial and lateral deep branches?
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CERVICAL PLEXUS
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From what is the BRACHIAL PLEXUS formed?
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the VENTRAL RAMI OF THE LAST 4 CERVICAL NERVES and the FIRST THORACIC NERVE (C5-C8, T1)
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In the BRACHIAL PLEXUS, the _______ ramus usually gives a branch to the ______; the ________ thoracic frequently receives a branch from _______.
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4th; 5th; 1st; T2
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Into what can the BRACHIAL PLEXUS be divided? How many of each?
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1. ventral rami 5
2. trunks 3 3. divisions 6 4. cords 3 5. nerves (branches) 17 |
There are five of them.
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Name the VENTRAL RAMI in the BRACHIAL PLEXUS.
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1. C5
2. C6 3. C7 4. C8 5. T1 |
There are five of them.
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Name the TRUNKS in the BRACHIAL PLEXUS.
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1. superior trunk
2. middle trunk 3. inferior trunk |
There are three of them.
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The dorsal ramus of C1 has no ______ neurons.
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SENSORY
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The dorsal ramus of C2 has no ______ neurons
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MOTOR
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Name the DIVISIONS in the BRACHIAL PLEXUS.
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1. anterior division of the superior trunk
2. posterior division of the superior trunk 3. anterior division of the middle trunk 4. posterior division of the middle trunk 5. posterior division of the inferior trunk 6. anterior division of the inferior trunk |
There are 6 of them.
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Name the CORDS in the BRACHIAL PLEXUS.
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1. lateral cord
2. posterior cord 3. medial cord |
There are three of them.
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Name the BRANCHES in the BRACHIAL PLEXUS.
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1. dorsal scapular branch
2. phrenic nerve 3. nerve to subclavius 4. suprascapular branch 5. branch of C7 going to ulnar 6. musculocutaneous nerve 7. axillary nerve 8. radial nerve 9. lower subscapular nerve 10. upper subscapular nerve 11. median nerve 12. ulnar nerve 13. thoracodorsal nerve 14. medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve 15. medial brachial cutaneous nerve 16. lateral pectoral nerve 17. medial pectoral nerve 18. long thoracic nerve |
There are 17 (+1) of them.
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What MUSCLE(S) does the DORSAL SCAPULAR branch innervate?
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1. rhomboids
2. levator scapula |
There are two of them.
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What MUSCLE(S) does the PHRENIC nerve innervate?
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diaphragm
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What MUSCLE(S) does the NERVE TO SUBCLAVIUS innervate?
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subclavian muscle
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What MUSCLE(S) does the SUPRASCAPULAR branch innervate?
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1. supraspinatus
2. infraspinatus |
There are two of them.
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What MUSCLE(S) does the MUSCULOCUTANEOUS nerve innervate?
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elbow flexors
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What MUSCLE(S) does the AXILLARY branch innervate?
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1. deltoid
2. teres minor |
There are two of them.
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What MUSCLE(S) does the RADIAL nerve innervate?
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1. elbow
2. wrist 3. finger extensors 4. supinators |
There are four of them.
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What MUSCLE(S) does the LOWER SUBSCAPULAR branch innervate?
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1. subscapularis
2. teres major |
There are two of them.
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What MUSCLE(S) does the UPPER SUBSCAPULAR branch innervate?
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subscapularis
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What MUSCLES(S) does the MEDIAN nerve innervate?
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1. wrist
2. finger flexors 3. pronators |
There are three of them.
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What MUSCLES(S) does the ULNAR nerve innervate?
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most hand intrinsics
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What MUSCLE(S) does the THROACODORSAL branch innervate?
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latissimus dorsi
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What MUSCLE(S) do(es) the LATERAL PECTORAL branch innervate?
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pectoralis major
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What MUSCLE(S) does the LONG THORACIC branch innervate?
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serratus anterior
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The SUPERIOR TRUNK is made up of which VENTRAL RAMI?
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1. C5
2. C6 |
There are two of them.
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The MIDDLE TRUNK is made up of which VENTRAL RAMI?
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C7
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The INFERIOR TRUNK is made up of which VENTRAL RAMI?
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1. C8
2. T1 |
There are two of them.
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The LATERAL CORD is made up of which DIVISIONS?
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1. anterior division of the superior trunk
2. anterior division of the middle trunk |
There are two of them.
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The POSTERIOR CORD is made up of which DIVISIONS?
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1. posterior division of the superior trunk
2. posterior division of the middle trunk 3. posterior division of the inferior trunk |
There are three of them.
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The MEDIAL CORD is made up of which DIVISIONS?
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anterior division of the inferior trunk
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Which BRANCH(ES) stem from the SUPERIOR TRUNK?
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1. dorsal scapular
2. suprascapular 3. nerve to subclavius 4. phrenic nerve |
There are four of them.
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Which BRANCH(ES) stem from the MIDDLE TRUNK?
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long thoracic
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Which BRANCH(ES) stem from the LATERAL CORD?
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1. musculocutaneous nerve
2. branch of C7 going to ulnar nerve 3. lateral pectoral nerve |
There are three of them.
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Which BRANCH(ES) stem from the POSTERIOR CORD?
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1. axillary branch
2. radial nerve 3. lower subscapular nerve 4. thoracodorsal branch 5. upper subscapular nerve |
There are five of them.
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Which BRANCH(ES) stem from the MEDIAL CORD?
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1. ulnar nerve
2. medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve 3. medial brachial cutaneous nerve 4. medial pectoral nerve |
There are four of them.
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Which BRANCH(ES) stem from the LATERAL AND MEDIAL CORDS?
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median nerve
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Briefly describe the path of the MUSCULOCUTANEOUS NERVE.
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superior to inferior:
1. through coracobrachialis muscle and between coracobrachialis and biceps brachii 2. between biceps brachii and brachialis 3. when it comes out from biceps brachii, it turns into the LATERAL ANTEBRACHIAL CUTANEOUS NERVE |
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Briefly describe the path of the LATERAL ANTEBRACHIAL CUTANEOUS NERVE.
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1. branches into anterior branch and posterior branch
2. anterior branch runs over anterolateral epicondyle of humerus and radius to innervate lateral forearm area 3. posterior branch runs over posterolateral epicondyle of humerous and radius to innervate lateral forearm area |
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To which muscles to the branches of the MUSCULOCUTANEOUS nerve go?
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1. coracobrachialis
2. short head of biceps brachii 3. long head of biceps brachii 4. brachialis |
There are at least 4 of them.
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To which muscles to the branches of the LATERAL ANTEBRACHIAL CUTANEOUS nerve go?
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forearm extensors
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To which muscles to the branches of the AXILLARY nerve go?
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1. deltoid
2. teres minor |
There are at least 2 of them.
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The LATERAL BRACHIAL CUTANEOUS NERVE is a branch off of which nerve?
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AXILLARY NERVE
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Briefly describe the path through which the RADIAL NERVE goes?
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1. goes under axillary, posterior to the humerus and passes between the lateral and long heads of the triceps brachii
2. bisects the lateral and medial heads of the triceps brachii 3. dives deep near brachialis muscle 4. passes the brachioradialis 5. passes the extensor carpi radialis longus 6. passes anconeus 7. passes through extensors on the ulnar side 8. goes to the wrist, the thumb, the index finger, and most of the middle finger |
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To which muscles do the branches of the RADIAL NERVE go?
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superior to inferior:
1. lateral head of the triceps 2. medial head of the triceps 3. long head of the triceps 4. brachioradialis 5. brachialis 6. extensor carpi radialis longus 7. anconeus 8. extensor carpi radialis brevis 9. extensor digitorum 10. extensor digiti minimi 11. extensor carpi ulnaris 12. supinator 13. abductor pollicis longus 14. extensor pollicis brevis 15. extensor pollicis longus 16. extensor indicis |
There are at least 16 of them.
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What are the main branches of the RADIAL NERVE? (not the muscle branches)
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superior to inferior:
1. posterior brachial cutaneous nerve 2. posterior antebrachial cutaneous nerve 3. superficial radial nerve |
There are three of them.
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What results when damage to the RADIAL NERVE occurs due to a midshaft humeral fracture?
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WRIST DROP (radial nerve palsy)
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Know the cutaneous innervation of the RADIAL NERVE.
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1. inferior lateral brachial cutaneous--lateral portion of triceps area
2. posterior brachial cutaneous--medial portion of triceps area 3. posterior antebrachial cutaneous--posterior portion of antebrachial from elbow to wrist 4. superficial branch of radial--wrist, thumb, index finger, and most of middle finger 5. area of isolated supply--snuff box region |
There are five of them.
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To which muscles do the branches of the MEDIAN NERVE go?
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superior to inferior: flexor-pronator group
1. pronator teres 2. palmaris longus 3. flexor carpi radialis 4. flexor digitorum profundus 5. flexor digitorum superficialis 6. flexor pollicis longus 7. pronator quadratus superior to inferior: thenar muscles 1. abductor pollicis brevis 2. opponens pollicis 3. anastomosis with ulnar nerve 4. flexor pollicis brevis 5. 1st and 2nd lumbricals |
There are two different groups; one has at least 7 things, and the other at least 5.
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Where is the CUTANEOUS INNERVATION of the MEDIAN NERVE? Where is the area of isolated supply?
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the first three digits on the palmer side and half of the fourth, the lateral half of the palm, and the dorsal side of the second and third digits.
Isolated supply: the distal phalanges of the second and third digits. |
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What deformity is associated with the MEDIAN NERVE?
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APE-HAND DEFORMITY, where the thumb is unapposed and thenar atrophy is present.
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Briefly describe the path through which the MEDIAN NERVE goes.
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superior to inferior:
1. runs along muscles near the anteromedial portion of the humerus bone. 2. runs on the medial side of elbow, anterior to the medial epicondyle of the humerus 3. through the flexor-pronator muscle group 4. to the pollical side of the hand |
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What is a situation associated with the INFLAMMATION near the wrist and the MEDIAN NERVE?
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CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME
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Briefly describe the general path through which the ULNAR NERVE goes.
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1. past main portion of brachial plexus near superior portion of humerus
2. wraps around to the posterior side of the humeral medial epicondyle and through the sulcus for the ulnar nerve 3. runs along the ulnar side of the antebrachial 4. goes into the hand and innervates half of the ring finger and all of the pinky |
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To which muscles does the ULNAR NERVE go?
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1. flexor carpi ulnaris
2. flexor digitorum profundus 3. palmaris brevis 4. hypothenar muscles 5. abductor digiti minimi 6. opponens digiti minimi 7. flexor digiti minimi brevis 8. 3rd and 4th lumbricals 9. flexor pollicis brevis (deep portion) 10. adductor pollicis |
There are at least 10 of them.
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Which DEFORMITY or condition is associated with INTEROSSEUS ATROPHY and the ULNAR NERVE?
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CLAW HAND
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What is the SYNDROME associated with inflammation and the ULNAR NERVE?
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Geone's tunnel syndrome
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Where are the areas of CUTANEOUS INNERVATION for the ULNAR NERVE? The area of isolated supply?
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1. medial half of ring finger to wrist
2. all of pinky down to wrist isolated supply: the pinky down to wrist |
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Be able to trace hand and label the pattern of cutaneous nerve innervations. [essay question on exam]
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see slide 57 and 58 on ppt
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Which nerves make up the LUMBAR PLEXUS?
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The VENTRAL RAMI of the 1st four lumbar nerves and some fibers of the last thoracic nerve (T12, L1-L4).
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To what does the LUMBAR PLEXUS supply nerves?
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1. the lower abdomen
2. the anterior portions of the lower extremities 3. the medial portions of the lower extremities |
3 areas
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What is the LARGEST and LONGEST FEMORAL CUTANEOUS BRANCH?
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the SAPHENOUS nerve
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What is the route of the SAPHENOUS nerve?
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1. passes deep to the SARTORIUS with the femoral artery, in ADDUCTOR CANAL
2. pierces the FASCIA LATAE between the tendons of the SARTORIUS and GRACILIS to become subcutaneous, then accompanies the GREAT SAPHENOUS VEIN |
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The SAPHENOUS nerve branches off of which nerve? Further down its route, it accompanies which nerve?
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femoral; great saphenous
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SUBCOSTAL nerve; The nerve just below the 12th rib; is a landmark rib for the LUMBAR PLEXUS
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Which muscle divides the SAPHENOUS and OBTURATOR nerves? It is a good landmark muscle for distinguishing them.
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PECTINIUS
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T12 and L1
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ILIOHYPOGASTRIC
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L1
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ILIOINGUINAL
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L1 and L2
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GENITOFEMORAL
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L2 and L3
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LATERAL FEMORAL CUTANEOUS
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L2-L4
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FEMORAL and OBTURATOR
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branch of larger nerve of L2-L4
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SAPHENOUS
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L2-L4
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OBTURATOR and FEMORAL
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What is the DISTRIBUTION of the ILIOHYPOGASTRIC nerve?
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- skin:
1. of the lower back 2. of the hip 3. of the lower abdomen - muscles: 1. of the lower back 2. of the hip 3. of the lower abdomen |
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What is the DISTRIBUTION of the ILIOINGUINAL nerve?
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- skin:
1. of the upper medial thigh 2. of the external genitalia - muscles of the lower abdominal wall |
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What is the DISTRIBUTION of the GENITOFEMORAL nerve?
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- skin:
1. of the upper anterior thigh (upper femoral triangle) 2. of the external genitalia |
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What is the DISTRIBUTION of the LATERAL FEMORAL CUTANEOUS nerve?
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skin of the lateral thigh
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What is the DISTRIBUTION of the FEMORAL nerve?
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- skin of the anterior, medial surface of the thigh through the ANTERIOR FEMORAL CUTANEOUS
- muscles: 1. sartorius 2. iliopsoas 3. quadriceps femoris (rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, and articularis genu) 4. pectineus |
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What is the DISTRIBUTION of the SAPHENOUS nerve?
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- skin of the medial lower leg
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What is the DISTRIBUTION of the OBTURATOR nerve?
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- skin of the circular area of the medial thigh about the knee
- muscles: 1. adductor longus 2. adductor magnus 3. adductor brevis 4. gracilis 5. pectineus 6. obturator externus |
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L4-L5, S1
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SUPERIOR GLUTEAL
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L4-L5, S1-S2
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COMMON PERONEAL
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L4-L5, S1-S3
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TIBIAL and SCIATIC
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S1-S3
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POSTERIOR FEMORAL CUTANEOUS
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S2-S4
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PUDENDAL
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What makes up the SACRAL PLEXUS?
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1. the last 2 lumbar nerves
2. the 1st four sacral spinal nerves (L4-L5, S1-S4) |
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What does the SACRAL PLEXUS innervate?
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1. the lower back
2. the pelvis 3. the posterior surface of the thigh 4. the posterior surface of the leg 5. dorsal surface of the foot 6. plantar surface of the foot |
6 of them.
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Broadest nerve in the body (approx. 2 cm)
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SCIATIC nerve
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What nerves make up the SCIATIC NERVE and share a common sheath?
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1. common fibular (peroneal)
2. tibial |
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What does the COMMON FIBULAR nerve further form?
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1. deep fibular nerve
2. superficial fibular nerve 3. articular (genicular) branch |
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What does the TIBIAL nerve further form?
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1. medial plantar nerve
2. lateral plantar nerve |
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What muscle does the SCIATIC nerve split?
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PIRIFORMIS
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L4, L5, S1
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1. Nerve to Quadratus femoris
2. Nerve to Gemellus inferior 3. Superior gluteal nerve |
3 of them.
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L5, S1, S2
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1. Nerve to Obturator internus
2. Nerve to Gemllus superior 3. Inferior gluteal nerve |
3 of them.
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S1, S2
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Nerve to Piriformis
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S1, S2, S3
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Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve
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S2, S3, S4
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Pudendal nerve
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L4, L5, S1, S2, S3
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Sciatic nerve (Tibial)
-sural -medial plantar -lateral plantar |
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L4, L5, S1, S2
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Sciatic nerve (common fibular)
-deep fibular -superficial fibular |
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L4, L5
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LUMBOSACRAL TRUNK
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What is the DISTRIBUTION of the NERVE TO QUADRATUS FEMORIS?
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muscles:
- quadratus femorus |
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What is the DISTRIBUTION of the NERVE TO GEMELLUS INFERIOR?
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muscles:
- gemellus inferior |
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What is the DISTRIBUTION of the NERVE TO OBTURATOR INTERNUS?
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muscles:
- obturator internus |
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What is the DISTRIBUTION of the NERVE TO GEMELLUS SUPERIOR?
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muscles:
- gemellus superior |
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What is the DISTRIBUTION of the NERVE TO PIRIFORMIS?
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muscles:
- pirifomis |
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What is the DISTRIBUTION of the SUPERIOR GLUTEAL NERVE?
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muscles:
- gluteus minimus - gluteus medius - tensor fascia latae |
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What is the DISTRIBUTION of the INFERIOR GLUTEAL NERVE?
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muscles:
- gluteus maximus |
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What is the DISTRIBUTION of the POSTERIOR FEMORAL CUTANEOUS?
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skin:
- on the posterior side of the buttock - on the posterior side of the thigh - on the posterior side of the lower leg - the perineum |
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What is the DISTRIBUTION of the PUDENDAL?
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skin:
- of the perineum - of the external genitalia muscles: - of the perineum |
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What is the DISTRIBUTION of the SCIATIC NERVE?
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muscles:
- biceps femoris - semimembranosus - semitendinosus |
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What is the DISTRIBUTION of the TIBIAL NERVE?
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skin:
- plantar surface of heel muscles: - gastrocneumius - soleus - plantaris - flexor digitorum longus - flexor hallucis longus - tibialis posterior - popliteus |
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What is the DISTRIBUTION of the SURAL NERVE?
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skin:
- of the posterior surface of the leg |
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What is the DISTRIBUTION of the MEDIAL AND LATERAL PLANTAR NERVES?
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muscles:
- intrinsic muscles of the foot skin: - sole of the foot |
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What is the DISTRIBUTION of the DEEP FIBULAR NERVE?
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skin:
- web space between great toe on dorsum of foot muscles: - fibularis tertius - tibialis anterior - extensor hallucis longus - extensor digitorum longus - extensor digitorum brevis - extensor hallucis brevis |
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What is the DISTRIBUTION of the SUPERFICIAL FIBULAR NERVE?
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skin:
- of the anterior surface of the leg and the foot muscles: - fibularis brevis - fibularis longus |
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What type of innervation is CUTANEOUS INNERVATION to the skin?
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SENSORY INNERVATION
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CUTANEOUS INNERVATION can be spoken of in two ways. What are they?
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1. in terms of those areas innervated by individual nerve roots (which correspond to the 31 spinal nerve pairs)
2. by innervation by the peripheral nerves |
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What are the areas known as which are innervated by individual nerve roots (through both the dorsal and ventral rami) which correspond to the 31 pairs of spinal nerves.
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DERMATOMES
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segmental innervation
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DERMATOMES
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Which nerves, except ________, supply sensory fibers to particular segments of the skin.
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all spinal nerves; C1
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innervation to the bone or fascia by a nerve root
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SCLERATOME
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innervation to the muscle by a nerve root
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MYOTOME
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nerves that are usually made up by contributions from more than one nerve root
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PERIPHERAL NERVES
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Which nerves are the SENSORY nerves for the SKIN?
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PERIPHERAL NERVES
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dermatome for the ANTEROLATERAL SHOULDER
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C5
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dermatome for the THUMB
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C6
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dermatome for the MIDDLE FINGER
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C7
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dermatome for the LITTLE FINGER
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C8
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dermatome for the MEDIAL ARM
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T1
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dermatome for the 3RD, 4TH INTERSPACE
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T3
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dermatome for the NIPPLE LINE, 4TH, 5TH INTERSPACE
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T4
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dermatome for the XIPHOID PROCESS
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T6
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dermatome for the NAVEL
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T10
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dermatome for the PUBIS
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T12
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dermatome for the MEDIAL THIGH
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L2
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dermatome for the MEDIAL KNEE
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L3
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dermatome for the MEDIAL ANKLE, GREAT TOE
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L4
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dermatome for the DORSOM OF FOOT
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L5
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dermatome for the LATERAL FOOT
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S1
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dermatome for the POSTEROMEDIAL THIGH
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S2
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dermatome for the PERIANAL AREA
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S3, S4, S5
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What do nerves from two adjoining spinal segments govern?
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a specific joint movement
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myotome for SHOULDER FLEXION
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C5, C6
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myotome for ELBOW FLEXION
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C5, C6
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myotome for ELBOW EXTENSION
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C7, C8
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myotome for FOREARM PRONATION
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C6, C7
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myotome for WRIST EXTENSION
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C6, C7
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myotome for HAND INTRINSICS
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C8, T1
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myotome for HIP FLEXION, INTERNAL ROTATION, and THIGH ADDUCTION
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L2, L3
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myotome for HIP EXTENSION, EXTERNAL ROTATION, and THIGH ABDUCTION
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L4, L5
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myotome for KNEE EXTENSION
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L3, L4
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myotome for KNEE FLEXION
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L5, S1
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myotome for ANKLE DORSI FLEXION
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L4, L5
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myotome for ANKLE PLANTAR FLEXION
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S1, S2
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myotome for INVERSION (both dorsal and plantar foot muscles)
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L4, L5
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myotome for EVERSION
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L5, S1
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myotome for GREAT TOE EXTIONSION
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L5, S1
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myotome for INTRINSIC MUSCLES OF THE FOOT
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S1, S2, S3
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MOTOR LEVEL?
-nonfunctioning: diaphragm |
C1 or C2
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MOTOR LEVEL?
-nonfunctioning: elbow flexors -weak: diaphragm |
C3 or C4
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MOTOR LEVEL?
-nonfunctioning: wrist extensors -weak: elbow flexors -normal: diaphragm |
C5
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MOTOR LEVEL?
-nonfunctioning: elbow extensors -weak: wrist extensors -normal: elbow flexors |
C6
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MOTOR LEVEL?
-nonfunctioning: hand intrinsics -weak: elbow extensors -normal: wrist extensors |
C7
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MOTOR LEVEL?
-nonfunctioning: -- -weak: hand intrinsics -normal: elbow extensors |
C8
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MOTOR LEVEL?
-nonfunctioning: -- -weak: -- -normal: hand intrinsics |
T1 or below
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MOTOR LEVEL?
-nonfunctioning: hip adductors -weak: -- -normal: -- |
L1 or above
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MOTOR LEVEL?
-nonfunctioning: knee extensors -weak: hip adductors -normal: -- |
L2
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MOTOR LEVEL?
-nonfunctioning: ankle dorsiflexors -weak: knee extensors -normal: hip adductors |
L3
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MOTOR LEVEL?
-nonfunctioning: great toe extensor -weak: ankle dorsiflexors -normal: knee extensors |
L4
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MOTOR LEVEL?
-nonfunctioning: ankle plantarflexors -weak: great toe extensor -normal: ankle dorsiflexors |
L5
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MOTOR LEVEL?
-nonfunctioning: anal sphincter -weak: ankle plantarflexors -normal: great toe extensor |
S1
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MOTOR LEVEL?
-nonfunctioning: -- -weak: anal sphincter -normal: ankle plantarflexors |
S2
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