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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Central dogma of molecular biology |
DNA into RNA into polypeptide (protein) |
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DNA creates RNA through.... |
Transcription |
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RNA turned into proteins through |
Translation |
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The words created from the nucleotide sequence of DNA specify... |
Amino acids in polypeptides |
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Four main properties of the genetic code |
1) triplet code 2) unambiguous- codons always specify the same amino acid 3) redundant- some amino acids are specified by more than one codon 4) nearly Universal- every organism uses the same genetic code |
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How many reading frames are there for triplet code |
3 but only one is meaningful |
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How do cells know what reading frame is Meaningful |
Start codons and stop codons |
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What is the start codon |
AUG |
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What are the stop codons |
UAA UAG UGA |
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Transcription |
The synthesis of an RNA molecule using DNA as a template. Only one strand of DNA is used as a template |
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The three kinds of RNA |
1 messenger RNA 2 ribosomal RNA 3 Transfer RNA |
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Messenger RNA (mRNA) |
Contains information for making polypeptides |
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ribosomal RNA (rRNA) |
Structural component of ribosomes |
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Transfer RNA (tRNA) |
Play the function of a rule for translation |
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Gene |
A unit of genetic information -the necessary amount of information for one product usually a polypeptide but possibly an RNA molecule |
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Phases of transcription |
1 initiation 2 elongation 3 termination |
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Initiation phase of transcription |
RNA polymerase recognize the promoter ( specific sequence of nucleotides) and binds to it and unwinds a small stretch of DNA |
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Elongation phase of transcription |
RNA polymerase adds RNA nucleotides to the 3 Prime end of a molecule |
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Termination phase of transcription |
RNA polymerase encounter the Terminator sequence which tells it to stop transcribing and the RNA gets released |
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Differences in eukaryotic transcription |
1) there RNA polymerases 2) the MRNA have to be processed before it can be translated - the addition of a cap to the 5' end - addition of a poly a tail to the 3 Prime end - removal of introns and formation of Exons |
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Introns |
Nucleotide sequences within a gene that do not code for proteins |
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Exons |
Nucleotide sequences within a gene that do code for proteins |
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Transfer RNA |
1) 3 Prime end is amino acid attachment site 2) anticodons at apex of Middle loop 3) charged RNA ( enzyme binds to transfer RNA and amino acid then hydrolysis cuts a covalent bond between the trna and the amino acid) |
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Ribosomes |
RNA and proteins Has two subunits Has sites for Transfer RNA A, P, and E sites |
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Phases of translation |
Initiation elongation and termination |
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Initiation phase of translation |
Small subunits bind to messenger RNA the Transfer RNA binds to the start codon and the large subunit joins |
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Elongation phase in translation |
New Transfer RNA comes into the a site The covalent bond between Transfer RNA and the P site gets broken Amino acid becomes binded to transfer RNA in A site Translocation occurs |
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Termination phase in translation |
Stop codons finds itself in the a site. Release Factor binds to stop codon causing system to fall apart. |
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Where does transcription take place in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes |
In prokaryotes both translation and transcription take place in the cytoplasm. Transcription occurs in the nucleus in eukaryotes |
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Peptidyl transfease.. |
.... |
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In what direction is RNA read |
From 5 Prime to 3 Prime |
