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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
carry outgoing information from the CNS to muscles and glands
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motor neurons
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neurons that carry incoming information from the sense receptors to the central nervous system
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sensory neurons
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CNS neurons that internally communicate and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs
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interneurons
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How does information travel through the nervous system?
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through three types of neurons; interneurons, sensory neurons and motor neurons
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the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles. Also called the skeletal nervous system
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somatic nervous system
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the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs. Its sympathetic arouses; its parasympathetic calms
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autonomic nervous system
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the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations
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symapthetic nervous system
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division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy
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parasympathetic nervous system
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a simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response.
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reflex
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Incoming information to the brain is _________
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sensory
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outgoing information from the brain is __________
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motor
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oldest and innermost region of the brain. Begins where the spinal cord enters the skull and swells slightly, forming the medulla
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brainstem
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controls heartbeat and breathing; at base of the brainstem
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medulla
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inside the brainstem, between ears. Helps control arousal
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reticular formation
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At the top of the brainstem, egg-shaped structures. Directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla
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thalamus
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a doughnut-shaped system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions such as hear and aggression and drives such as those for food and sex. Includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus
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limbic system
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Two almond-shaped neural clusters that are components of the limbic system and are linked to emotion
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amygdala
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a meural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion
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hypothalamus
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means "little brain" attached to the rear of the brainstem; it helps coordinate voluntary movement and balance
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cerebellum
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The neurons of the spinal cord are part of the ______________
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central nervous system
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Influence aggression and fear
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amygdala
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The thalamus functions like a _____________
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switchboard
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The ____________ receives information from the sensory neurons and routes it to the higher brain regions that control the sense.
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thalamus
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The part of the brain that coordinates voluntary movement is the ____________.
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cerebellum
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Two parts of the limbic system are the amygdala and the _______________.
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hippocampus
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A ferocious response to electrical brain stimulation would lead you to suppose that the electrode had been touching the _______________.
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amygdala
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The neural structure that most directly regulates eating, drinking, and body temperature is the ______________.
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hypothalamus
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The reward centers discovered by Olds and Milner were located in regions of the ___________.
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hyopthalamus
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Cerebral cortex
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the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing center
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How do we divide the hemispheres of the brain?
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divided into four regions - frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal lobes.
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frontal lobes
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portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments
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Parietal lobes
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the portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the hop of the head and toward the rear; includes the sensory cortex
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Where is the motor cortex located?
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at the rear of the frontal lobes
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Occipital lobes
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the portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes the visual areas, which receive visual information from the opposite visual field.
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temporal lobes
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the portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each of which receives auditory info. primarily from the opposite ear.
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What lobe includes the sensory cortex?
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parietal lobe
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Involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments
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frontal lobes
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sensory cortex
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the area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body sensations
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association areas
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areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involvedin higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking and speaking.
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Broca's Area
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controls speech muscles via the motor cortex
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Visual cortex
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receives written words as visual stimulation
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Angular Gyrus
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transforms visual representations into an auditory code
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Wernicke's Area
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interprets auditory code
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Aphasia
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impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's are (impairing understanding).
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Damage to _______________ would make it hard for a person to form words, yet could sing songs with ease.
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broca's area
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Damage to the angular gyrus ________________________.
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leaves the person able to speak and understand but unable to read
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Damage to Wernicke's area does what?
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disrupts understanding
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Damage to Broca's area _______________.
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disrupts speaking
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Judging and planning are enabled by ___________.
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frontal lobes
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corpus callosum
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the wide band of axon fibers connecting the brain's two hemispheres
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plasticity
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the brains' capacity for modification, as evident in brain reorganization and in experiments on the effects of experience on brain development
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the hypothalamus directs what?
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eating, drinking sleeping, etc
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the master endocrine gland
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pituitary gland
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endocrine system
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the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream
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Hormones
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chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue and affect another.
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Influence sex, food, and aggression
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hormones
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adrenal glands
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a pair of endocrine glands just above the kidneys. The adrenal secrete the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine, which help to arouse the body in times of stress
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split brain
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a condition in which the two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers between them.
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pituitary gland
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the endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands
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The endocrine system, the second and slower bodily communication system, produces chemical messengers that travel throught the bloodstream and affect other tissues. These chemical substances are ___________________.
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hormones
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chromosomes
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theadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes
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DNA
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a complex molecule containing the genetic info. that makes up the chromosomes
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Genes
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the biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; a segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a protein.
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natural selection
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the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations.
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mutations
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a random error in gene replication that leads to a genetic change
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evolutionary psychology
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study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection
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Every cell in your body contains the genetic master code for your entire body. ___________ are threadlike structures made largely of DNA molecules.
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chromosomes
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Each person's genetic blueprint combines contributions from the mother's egg and the father's sperm. When the egg and sperm unite, each contributes ____________.
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23 chromosomes
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Evolutionary psychologists study how we came to be who we are. They are most likely to focus on ____________.
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natural selection of the fittest adaptations.
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behavio genetics
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the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior
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every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us.
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environment.
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identical twins
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single egg that splits into two, making two genetically identical organisms
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fraternal twins
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develop from separate eggs. only share a fetal environment.
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temperament
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a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity.
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Examples of temperament
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fidgety, intense, outgoing, quiet, placid, etc.
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chromosomes
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theadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes
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DNA
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a complex molecule containing the genetic info. that makes up the chromosomes
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Genes
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the biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; a segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a protein.
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natural selection
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the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations.
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mutations
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a random error in gene replication that leads to a genetic change
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evolutionary psychology
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study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection
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Every cell in your body contains the genetic master code for your entire body. ___________ are threadlike structures made largely of DNA molecules.
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chromosomes
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Each person's genetic blueprint combines contributions from the mother's egg and the father's sperm. When the egg and sperm unite, each contributes ____________.
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23 chromosomes
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Evolutionary psychologists study how we came to be who we are. They are most likely to focus on ____________.
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natural selection of the fittest adaptations.
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behavio genetics
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the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior
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every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us.
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environment.
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identical twins
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single egg that splits into two, making two genetically identical organisms
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fraternal twins
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develop from separate eggs. only share a fetal environment.
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temperament
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a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity.
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Examples of temperament
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fidgety, intense, outgoing, quiet, placid, etc.
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interactions
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the effect of one factor (such as environmental) depends on another factor (such as heredity).
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Adoption studies seek to reveal genetic influences on personality. They do this mainly by _______________.
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evaluating whether adopted children more closely resemble their adoptive parents or their biological parents
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culture
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behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.
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norm
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an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. Norms prescribe "proper" behavior
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personal space
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the buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies.
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X chromosome
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in men and women. Females have twol males have one.
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An X chromosome from each parent produces a __________.
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female child
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Y chromosome
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sex chromosome only in males.
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When pairing an X and Y chromosome, it produces a ____________.
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male child
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role
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a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.
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gender role
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a set of expected behaviors for males and for females
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gender identity
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one's sense of being male or female
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gender-typing
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the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role
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social learning theory
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the theory that we learn social behavior be observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished.
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gender schema theory
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the theory that children learn from their cultures a concept of what it means to be male and female and that they adjust their behavior accordingly.
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