Experimental Psychology Exam 2 Williams

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Nuremberg Code

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1. voluntary
2. informed
3. address important questions
4. no unnecessary physical and psychological harm
5. risk weighted against benefit
6. qualified scientists
7. ability to withdrawal
8. discontinue if harmful

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Belmont Report

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beneficence, justice, respect for participants

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IRB

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Institutional Review Board: oversees research done at an institution

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Zimbardo prison study

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Stanford prison study-tested conformity to a role
Ethical issue of benefit verses risk

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Research with animals

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Justification, care and treatment, acquisition, study procedures, IACUC

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Justification (with animals)

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Why are you using animals?
benefit of study?
why species chosen?

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Care and Treatment (with animals)

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trained researchers
animals kept in good health
housing meets federal guidelines

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Acquisition (with animals)

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how did you get the animals?
bred humanely?
obtained humanely?

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Study Procedures (with animals)

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minimize discomfort
greater justification for greater discomfort
surgical procedures carefully overseen
animals not released into wild

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IACUC

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Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee
-oversees research with animals at an institution

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Correlational research

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-involves dependent variables
-designed to answer descriptive and predictive research questions

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Directionality Problem

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Relationship A
amount of tv----> grades
Relationship B
grades------> amount of tv

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Third Variable Problem

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Relationship C can cause A + B to change
-EX: parental attitudes can change Relationship A and B

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Predictor Variable

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Can be used to predict the score on another variable

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Outcome Variable

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Can be predicted by the Predictor Variable

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APA Method Section

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Includes Participants, Materials, Procedure

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Participants

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who was involved
how many participants
demographics
compensation given

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Materials

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any written materials used, forms, surveys, state any modifications made surveys previously used, scales used, etc.

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Procedure

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In detail, write out experiment.
-anything the reader would need to perform the same exact experiment

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Sampling

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-how we choose subjects
-affects validity of study
-learn about large group, test small group

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Population

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group of individuals a researcher wants to learn about

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Sample

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group of individuals selected to participate in the study

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Sampling Error

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difference in scores from the population to the sample

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Probability Samples

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Individuals are chosen at random from the population, such that the chance of any one individual being selected has a specific probability.

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Simple Random Sample

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Individuals are chosen at random from the population, such that all members have an equal chance of being selected

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Cluster Sample

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Individuals are chosen at random from groups with the population

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Stratified Random Sample

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Individuals are chosen at random from the population, such that the proportion of individual with a particular characteristic is equivalent in the population and the sample.

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Convenience Sample

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Individuals are chosen non-randomly from the population and the chance of any one individual being selected is not known.

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Haphazard/Volunteer Samples

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Individuals are chosen from the population such that available individuals are chosen.

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Quota Samples

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Individuals are chosen from the population non-randomly, such that the proportion of individuals with a particular characteristic is equivalent in the population and the sample.

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Internet Samples

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-can increase sample size over other methods
-can be more representative than other samples
-can include bias that in-person samples do not have

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Between-Subjects Design

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-divide people into different groups to test variable
-each participant experiences only one level of the independent variable

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Random Groups Design

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All participants in the sample randomly assigned to one of the groups; any difference between groups should be due to the IV.

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Block Randomization

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Randomly assign subjects to conditions one block at a time. EX: if three groups, chose one subject per group.

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Matched Groups Design

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Assess participants on one or more characteristics you believe might influence their performance.

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Advantage and Disadvantage of Matched Groups Design:

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Advantage-allows you to have control over subject variable that may obscure effects of IV.
Disadvantage-if matched characteristic only has small effect on DV, then not worth using matched design.

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Natural Groups Design

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want to use individual difference variables as IVs. (i.e. gender, age, single/married, etc.)
--> quasi-experimental design

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Cluster assignment/accidental assignment

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Threat to Internal Validity
-EX: use existing class groups to test effects of new math program

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Extraneous Variables

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May be cause of group differences rather than IV.

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Subject loss

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Mechanical: Participant fails to finish experiment due to equipment failure
Selective: When participants are lost differentially across levels of IV due to some characteristics of one of the treatments.

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Deception by Commission

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lead participants to believe something different is being observed

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Deception by Omission

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dont inform participants exactly what is being measured

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Demand Characteristics

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anything about experimenter that causes participants to behave in a certain way

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Double-blinded Experiment

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EX: using placebos for a control group

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With-in Subjects Design

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-each participant may receive all levels of the IV
-participants behavior measured more than once
-requires fewer participants
-efficient

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Potential Problems for With-in Subjects Design

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-Attrition (subject mortality)-participant may drop out due to long nature of experiment
-Carryover (Practice) Effects-when previous treatment alters observed behavior in a subsequent treatment

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Carryover (Practice) Effects

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-learning-performance better on later task because given same task
-fatigue-performance worse on later task because of exhaustion
-habituation-repeated exposure to stimulus may not have as strong of an effect in later trials

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Dealing with Practice Effects

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-may have to use between-subjects design
-use counterbalancing to vary the order of different treatments

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Complete Counterbalancing

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each participant gets each level several times; different order each time
-ABBA counterbalancing: AB-->BA
3 levels---6 orders---18 times

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Incomplete Counterbalancing

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each participant given each treatment only once
EX: half of sample gets AB; other half gets BA -practice effects cancel out.

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Selected Orders

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try to make sure different treatments are given at a variety of positions in the selected orders
EX: Latin Square

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Latin Square Steps

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1. Write down letter for each treatment
2. Repeatedly rotate 1st letter to last column, 2nd to 1st, etc.
3. Randomly rearrange order in which columns appear
4. Rearrange in which rows appear
5. Randomly assign levels to letters
6. Randomly assign participants to different orders