Experiment

Front 1

destination IP address and subnet mask are all zeros
Router(config)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 s0/0/0
Used if not other more specific match found in the routing table

Back 1

Default route

Front 2

A Metric is a numerical value used by routing protocols help determine the best path to a destination

Back 2

Routing metric

Name the two types explain

Front 3

Equal Cost Metric is a condition where a router has multiple paths to the same destination that all have the same metric

To solve this dilemma, a router will use Equal Cost Load Balancing. This means the router sends packets over the multiple exit interfaces listed in the routing table

Back 3

Load balancing

Front 4

will allow for an interface to be included in a network statement (recieve route updates, attached subnet to be advertised as a route) but it will not send updates. Good examples are segments that are stubs (one way in, one way out, no need for routing update traffic)

Back 4

passive interface

Front 5

RIP automatically summarizes classful networks

Back 5

Boundary routers summarize RIP subnets from one major network to another

Front 6

is a distance vector routing protocol.
uses hop count as its only metric for path selection.
Advertised routes with hop counts greater than 15 are unreachable.
Messages are broadcast every 30 seconds.
Classful
default administrative distance (AD) is 120

Back 6

RIP1

Front 7

With traditional subnetting you allocate the same number of addresses
for each subnet
Can be very wasteful of addresses!
You Finish this statement

Back 7

vlsm turns
IP address space into subnets of different sizes, unlike simple same-size Subnetting.

It can also be called a classless IP addressing. A classful addressing follows the general rule that has been proven to amount to IP address wastage.

ripv1 forward broadcast where ripv2 forward multicast.Multicast address is 224.0.0.9

Front 8

is a value that routers use in order to select the best path when there are two or more different routes to the same destination from two different routing protocols. counts the reliability of a routing protocol.

Back 8

Administrative Distance

Front 9

routing protocols knows 2 things:
Distance to final destination
Vector, or direction, traffic should be directed
What else do they do??

Back 9

– Periodic updates
– Neighbors
– Broadcast updates
– Entire routing table is included with routing update

Example of some:
IPX RIP
IP RIP
IGRP

Front 10

– What can link state do different , ospf

Back 10

Name tje,

Front 11

routers learn about remote networks either dynamically using routing protocols or manually using

Back 11

Static routes

Front 12

) is a prefix-based standard for the interpretation of IP address
▫ 172.16.1.0/24 192.168.10.254 /30
▫ Allows routing protocols to summarise multiple networks – or a block of addresses – with a single route
Uses IP addresses more efficiently through use of VLSM
▫ VLSM is the process of subnetting a subnet

Back 12

CIDR
Classless Interdomain routing

Front 13

RIP2 tell me bout it

Back 13

• RIPV2 is a classless routing protocol
• Less popular then others such as EIGRP or OSPF
• RIPv2 is an enhancement of RIPv1, rather then a new protocol
• A classless distance vector routing protocol that is an enhancement of RIPv1’s features
• Next hop address is included in updates
• Subnet Masks included in updates
• Routing updates are multicast
• The use of authentication is an option
•

Front 14

gateway of last resort, is the network route used by a router when no other known route exists for a given IP packet's destination address. All the packets for destinations not known by the router's routing table are sent to the default route. This route generally leads to another router, which treats the packet the same way: If the route is known, the packet will get forwarded to the known route. If not, the packet is forwarded to the default-route of that router which generally leads to another router. And so on. Each router traversal adds a one-hop distance to the route.

Once the router with a known route to a host destination is reached, the router determines which route is valid by finding the "most specific match". The network with the longest subnet mask that matches the destination IP address wins.
Route Summarisation

Back 14

Default route gateway of last resort

Front 15

has occurred if a packet is continuously transmitted within a series of routers without ever reaching its destination
A routing loop can occur when two or more routers have routing information that incorrectly indicates that a valid path to an unreachable destination exists

Back 15

Routing loop

reverse poisen

sPlit horizon

Front 16

1. Each routers learns about its own directly connected networks
2. Link state routers exchange hello packet to “meet” other directly connected link state routers
3. Each router builds its own Link State Packet (LSP) containing the state of each directly connected link – contains info about neighbors, link type and bandwidth
4. After the LSP is created the router floods it to all neighbors who then store the information and then forward it until all routers have the same information.
5. Once all the routers have received all the LSPs, the routers then construct a topological map of the network which is used to determine the best routes to a destination

Back 16

Link state , must read all on the left first remember

Front 17

reached when all the routing tables in the network contain information about all the known networks
▫ i.e. if no new information is found then Convergence has been reached !!!
• The speed of achieving convergence consists of:
▫ How quickly the routers propagate a change in the topology in a routing update to its neighbors.
▫ The speed of calculating best path routes using the new routing information collected.

Back 17

Convergense

Front 18

networking technique that provides optimal data routing. Unlike static routing, dynamic routing enables routers to select paths according to real-time logical network layout changes. In dynamic routing, the routing protocol operating on the router is responsible for the creation, maintenance and updating of the dynamic routing table. In static routing, all these jobs are manually done by the system administrator.

Back 18

Dynamic routing