Psychology 1

Front 1

What is a quasi experiment

Back 1

Iv naturally occurring and cant be manipulated

Front 2

Strengths of quasi

Back 2

Allows u to study effects of the variables that are not possible or unethical to manipulate

Front 3

Weakness of quasi

Back 3

Not manipulating IV - less sure it effects the DV

No control of Ps in terms of social setting e.g. how they were brought up which may influence behaviour by acting as confounding variables

Front 4

Field

Back 4

Experiment carried out in a natural setting

Front 5

Adv of field

Back 5

High evo val as ps in normal environment so behaviour more likely to be valid and natural

Ps less likely to be affected by demand characteristics which makes which makes findings more valid. Ps less likely to adjust their natural behaviour according to the studies purpose

Front 6

Disadv of field

Back 6

Less control over extraneous variables which may bias the results and make it difficult to make sure IV affecting DV

Difficult to replicate as due to situational extraneous variables being hard to control so cant replicate it in exact way - decreases reliability

Front 7

control condition

Back 7

an experiment charecteristed by absecence of IV used as a baseline for comparison with experimental condition

Front 8

IV and DV

Back 8

variable you manipulate or change to test effect of this change on the DV

DV - variableyou measure

Front 9

extraneous variables definition

Back 9

any variables other than the independent variable that may affect the dependent variable in some way.

Front 10

repeated measures

Back 10

Same participant tested in each condition

Front 11

adv of repeated measures design

Back 11

by comparing each ps with themselves - ps variables reduced. indivdiaul differences cud act as extraneous variables and confound results

fewer Ps used - more time and cost effective

Front 12

disadv of repeated measures

Back 12

order effects. order of conditions have effect on ps behaviour. performance in second condition better due to practice effects - picked up skills. Or worse due to fatigue effects - tired so do worse

tested more than once so more likely to work out aim and be effected by demand charecteristics. Act in a way they believe is expected

Front 13

matched ps design

Back 13

matched for variables that could effect results - the each ps takes part in one condition

Front 14

adv of matched ps design

Back 14

not affected by order effects or demand

reduces ps variables - as each condition similar abilities and charecteristics

Front 15

dis of matched ps design

Back 15

time-consuming

impossible to do it exactly

Front 16

example of matched ps

Back 16

split all ps into pairs and match each for weight, height and amount of excercise then randomly assign one from each pair to each

Front 17

independent measures

Back 17

different ps tested in each condition - each only tested in one

Front 18

adv of independent measures

Back 18

not affected by order effects - each only teste din one condition

less chance of demand char - only tested once less chance finding out aim and act accordingly

Front 19

dis of independant measures

Back 19

more people needed - time consuming

does not control ps variables so indivdua differences may confound results

Front 20

observation

Back 20

where a researcher observes and records participants’ behaviour, but does not manipulate any variables

Front 21

adv of observation

Back 21

more natural behaviour, hihger eco val

Front 22

disadv of observation

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observer bias, social desirablity if they realise they are being observed, practical problems when recording e.g. view obscured at time

Front 23

structured

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recording a specified range of behaviours in pre-defined categories

Front 24

adv of structured

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• Allows comparisons to be made across each observation • Easily replicable

• Easy to establish inter-rater reliability because multiple observers can compare their observations to check for concurrence

Front 25

disadv of structured

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• May miss important information

Front 26

unstructured

Back 26

Recording non-specified wide range of behaviours that seem relevant

Front 27

adv of unstructured

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• You will not miss important behaviour • Increases validity as the researcher is taking into account all behaviours that are going on. This ensures that more valid conclusions are made of behaviour, as a wide perspective is gathered, not a small focussed one

Front 28

disadv of unstructured

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• Cannot make comparisons across each observation • Too many things to record as too much going on • Recordings may be subjective - researcher may interpret behaviours in a way that fits into the planned behavioural categories, therefore reducing validity as it may not reflect what actually happened.

Front 29

naturallistic

Back 29

carried out in a real-life setting

Front 30

adv of naturallistic

Back 30

• Natural environment so normal reaction - high eco validity • No demand characteristics

Front 31

disadv of naturallistic

Back 31

• Ethical issues of being observed • Extraneous variables cannot be controlled - less internal validity

Front 32

controlled

Back 32

Carried out in setting specifically created for study, all extraneous variables controlled

Front 33

adv of controlled

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• Extraneous variables can be controlled • Informed consent can be gained

Front 34

disadv of controlled

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• Artificial situation so may not react naturally • Demand characteristics

Front 35

participant

Back 35

Observers part of the group they are observing

Front 36

adv of participant

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• Insight into real and natural insights and motives • Good vantage point - listen and hear well

Front 37

diasadv of participant

Back 37

• Your presence may change the course of events • May make the observer subjective

Front 38

non-participant

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Observer not part of the group they are observing

Front 39

adv of non-participant

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• Observer can remain objective • More likely to show natural behaviour

Front 40

diasdv of non-particpant

Back 40

not same level of insight

Front 41

covert

Back 41

not aware they are being observed

Front 42

adv of covert

Back 42

• Observer can remain objective • More likely to show natural behaviour

Front 43

disadv of covert

Back 43

• Not the same level of insight

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overt

Back 44

aware they are being observed

Front 45

adv of overt

Back 45

more ethical

Front 46

disadv of overt

Back 46

• Demand characteristics • Social desirability • Natural behaviour may not be observed

Front 47

what is time point sampling

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behaviour, as on a predetermined checklist, is observed and recorded at specific time intervals e.g. every 5s in 20 mins

Front 48

advs of time point sampling

Back 48

• greater period of time overall can be studied (could increase validity) • More representative over time • Less likely to miss behaviours as the researcher usually has a short time to focus on recording behaviour, therefore is more likely to be accurate.

Front 49

disadv of time point sampling

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• behaviours missed at times when observation recording not occurring

Front 50

event sampling

Back 50

every occurence of a behaviour, as specified on a pre-determined checklist is observed and recorded continuously, and uninterrupted within a specified period of time

Front 51

adv of event sampling

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• Less likely to miss predefined events - increases validity • More reliable observations as the events are already planned, therefore it could be easily replicated to measure consistency of observational behaviours.

Front 52

disadv of event sampling

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• easy to miss things when attempting to record all occurrences of the behaviour studied - too difficult to record everything • Can miss events not coded for - reduce validity

Front 53

coding frames

Back 53

Allows for analysis of quantitative data

Front 54

coding frame examples

Back 54

from notes