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139 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Rabbit Normal - Body temperature
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101-104 F
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Rabbit Normal - Heart Rate
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180-250 bpm
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Rabbit Normal - Respiratory Rate
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30-60 breaths/min
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Rabbit - Name two types of fecal pellets for rabbits
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Hard Pellets
Cecotrophs |
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Rabbit - Hard Pellets
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Produced day and night
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Rabbit - Cecotrophs
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Softer pellets, normally only produced at night, and sometimes referred to as "night feces".
These pellets are eaten by the rabbit b/c they contain essential nutrients. |
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Rabbit - Explain how the GI works
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They are monogastric, hindgut fermenting herbivores w/a large cecum (the largest & most prominent organ in the abdominal cavity)
GI System resembles horses. They have a very rapid GI transit time and eliminate fiber as quickly as possible. |
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Rabbit - Digestion - What do muscular contractions cause?
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A separation of fiber particles from the nonfiber components of the feed.
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Rabbit - Digestion - What do peristaltic contractions do?
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rapidly move fiber thru the colon for excretion in the hard feces.
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Rabbit - Digestion - What do Antiperistaltic contractions do?
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move fluids and particles retrograde thru the colon, into the cecum, where they are retained for fermentation.
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Rabbit - Digestion - What does the cecum do?
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At intervals, it contracts and its fermentation contents are expelled thru the colon and eaten by the rabbit.
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Rabbit - What is the most important thing in a rabbit's diet? Why?
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Fiber
Rabbits that do not have ample fiber in their diet are prone to obesity, hairballs and diarrhea. |
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Rabbit
How much fiber does an adult non-gestating, non-lactating rabbit require? What if it's less? |
Rabbit requires 20-15% fiber.
If fiber content is < 16%, it can lead to anorexia and diarrhea. |
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Rabbit - What is the best source of fiber?
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Timothy hay
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Rabbit - What is a secondary choice for fiber?
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Alfalfa hay
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Rabbit - Is free feed ok?
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For hay, yes, but not for pellets.
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Rabbit - Gestation period
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30-33 days
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Rabbit - Estrous Cycle
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induced ovulation, male presence only
ovulation occurs 10 hours after copulation |
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Rabbit - Litter Size
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4-12
In theory, 11 litters/year Can get pregnant w/in 24 hours of delivering |
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Rabbit - Sexual Maturity
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Small breeds - 4-5 months
Large breeds - 5-8 months Reproductive life: Doe - 3 years, Buck - 5-6 years |
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Rabbit - Why should you spay your female rabbit?
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Unspayed females often develop uterine adenocarcinoma.
Unspayed females are also at risk for pyometra and endometriosis. |
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Rabbit - Why should you neuter a male rabbit?
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Sexually mature males that have not been neutered tend to exhibit aggressive behavior, fighting and mounting behavior.
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Rabbit - What are other minimized behaviors from spay/neuter?
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chewing, digging, biting and urine spraying.
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Rabbit - What are some surgical concerns?
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They should be fasted for 2-4 hours prior to surgery to minimize abdominal distention (they cannot vomit).
They should NOT be fasted for any longer than this b/c they are predisposed to hypoglycemia and gut stasis. They are susceptible to hypothermia, so you should use heat packs. Endotracheal intubation can be very difficult in rabbit. They should wear E-collars post surgery b/c they tend to chew sutures. |
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Rabbit - Gastric Stasis (Ileus)
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characterized by anorexia, decreased or no stool production and a large stomach filled with doughlike stomach contents and hair.
Medical mgmt includes SC fluids. If rabbit fails to respond to medical tx, surgical intervention is necessary. |
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Rabbit - Mucoid Enteritis
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One of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in young rabbits 7-14 weeks of age.
Characterized by anorexia, lethargy, weight loss Cause is unknown High fiber and low carb diet is preventative Tx - aggressive supportive care |
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Rabbit - Antibiotic - Associated Enterotoxemia
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Antibiotic therapy kills off not only the targeted pathogen, but normal gram-positive bacteria needed by the rabbit for proper digestion.
These good bacteria are replaced by harmful bacteria. These harmful bacteria then overgrow and release toxins. |
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Rabbit - Unsafe antibiotics
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Clindamycin
Lincomycin Penicillin Ampicillin Amoxicillin Clavamox Cephalosporins Erythromycin |
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Rabbit - Safe Antibiotics
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Trimethoprim/sulfas
Chloramphenicol Amikacin Enrofloxacin |
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Rabbit - Snuffles
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Causes upper respiratory disease
Transmitted thru direct contact CS - nasal discharge, conjunctivitis, head tilt Can remain dormant in one rabbit and affect others at the same time. Tx - enrofloxacin and supportive care - difficult to cure. |
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Rabbit - Malocclusion
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Common in incisors and cheek teeth
Incisors are usually apparent to the owner while cheek teeth are not Tx - incisors can be trimmed, but cheek teeth need anesthesia for dentistry to be performed or removal of teeth |
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Rabbit - Adenocarcinoma
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Most common cancer of females
CS - first hematuria, then depression, anorexia, dyspnea Dx - ultrasound Px - Good w/OVH if the tumor is contained in the uterus Prevention - spay before rabbit reaches two years of age |
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Rabbit - Pyometra & endometritis
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Can develop in unspayed female rabbits
CS - vagnal discharge, anorexia, lethargy, weakness, an enlarged abdomen Dx - assessment of cervical mucus or drainage. Exploratory laparotomy and OVH may be the procedures of choice for confirming a dx Tx - Endometritis can be tx w/fluid therapy & antibiotics. Tx - Pyometra - OVH |
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Rabbit - Cuterebra Larvae
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Rabbits that are housed outdoors are vulnerable to Cuterebra flies - one single larva is typically found w/in each SC swelling w/its associated air hole.
CS - only presence of swellings OR weight loss, chronic infection, lameness, toxic shock Tx - Clean the area and remove the larvae carefully after gently enlarging the air hole |
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Rabbit - Ulcerative Pododermatitis
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"Sore hocks" - chronic, ulcerative, granulomatous dermatitis of the plantar surface of the metatarsal area
Can get into muscle or bone and cause infection Occurs most frequently in mature, overweight animals housed in cages w/wire flooring. Tx - treat like you would a wound |
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Rabbit - Handling & Restraint
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Their delicate skeleton accounts for only 8% of their total body weight.
An improperly handled rabbit that kicks out or struggles is at rsk of fx its long bones and spine. Never let their legs dangle They should never be picked up by their ears. Rabbits should be grasped by the scruff w/one hand and have their hindquarters supported by the other hand. Tucking a rabbit's head under your arm while carrying it helps to keep the rabbit calm. A towel should be placed on the exam table before placing the rabbit on the table. Not considered a good pet fr young children due to handling restraints, don't like loud noises or sudden movement. Wrap in towel during PE |
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Rabbit - Venipuncture
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Safe to draw 6-10% of the body weight in blood volume
Most common sites - jugular, cephalic (forelimb), lateral saphenous (hindlimb), ear veins |
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Rabbit - Catheterization
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Place catheters in the cephalic vein
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GP - Normal - Body temperature
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101-103 F
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GP - Normal - Heart rate
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240-310 bpm
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GP - Normal - Respiratory rate
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50-80 breaths/min
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GP Sexual Maturity
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Males - 3 mos
Females - 2 mos |
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GP Life Span
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5-6 years
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GP gestation period
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63-68 days
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GP Litter Size
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2-3
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GP - What do newborn GP look like when they are born?
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Precocious - fully furred w/eyes open and able to stand shortly after birth
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GP - What do they eat?
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They are herbivorous, but also placentophagic (mother will eat placenta).
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GP - Do GP adapt readily to changes in type, appearance or presentation of their food & water?
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No
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GP - What is the recommended diet?
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1. Free choice GP pellets
2. Alfalfa or grass hay 3. Supplemental fresh vegetables |
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GP - Can they have fruit?
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Yes, but only some - it can make them have diarrhea
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GP - Why do they require a dietary source of Vit C (ascorbic acid)?
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They lack an enzyme involved in the synthesis of ascorbic acid from glucose.
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GP - How much Vit C does a nonbreeding adult need? Pregnant animal need?
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Non-breeding Adult - 5 mg/kg/day
Pregnant Animal - 30 mg/kg/day |
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GP - What is the best to supplement the diet if the pelleted food contains no Vit C?
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Kale, oranges and cabbage are good dietary sources of Vit C.
Tang can be mixed into the water bottle to provide additional Vit C. |
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GP - How much is their daily water intake?
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100 mL/kg/day
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GP - Antibiotic-Associated Enterotoxemia
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Very sensitive to antibiotics that eradicate flora.
CS - diarrhea, anorexia, deydration and hypothermia Tx - supportive care If diarrhea develops, stop admin of any antibiotic that is being given and re-evaluate the animal and the tx protocol. |
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GP - What antibiotics should you avoid?
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penicillin
ampicillin clindamycin erythromycin lincomycin |
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GP - Safe antibiotics
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trimethoprim/sulfa
chloramphenical enrofloxacin cefazolin |
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GP - Scurvy
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Vic C deficiency
Young, growing animals are most susceptible Dx - based on hx, cs and rads CS - rough hair coat, anorexia, diarrhea, teeth grinding, vocalizing from pain, lameness Tx - 50 mg ascorbic acid SC then orally at the same dose. After recovery, supplement diet w/Vit C |
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GP - Malocclusion
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They have hyposodontic (open-rooted) teeth which grow continuously.
CS - hypersalivation, anorexia Can be genetic, traumatic, infectious or diet-related Incisors can be trimmed easily, anesthesia is necessary to trim molars and premolars |
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GP - Cervical Lymphadenitis (Lumps)
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Disease of cervical lymph nodes
CS - enlarged lymph nodes filled w/purulent exudates Tx - surgical excision or lance, drain and flush abscesses and start on TMS or Baytril |
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GP - Dystocia
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Common in GP - Females are not bred by the time they are 6-7 months.
CS - contractions and straining, bloody or greenish-brown vulvar discharge Tx - C-section, prognosis post surgery is guarded |
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GP - Dermatophytosis (ringworm)
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Fungal Infection, Usually seen secondary to overcrowding, poor husbandry and other stress factors.
CS - pruritic lesions and alopecia seen first on the face. Tx - topically w/miconazole once daily for 2-4 weeks |
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GP - Pododermatitis (Bumblefoot)
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Initiating cause is usually a wire bottom cage or abrasive bedding material
Tx - appropriate systemic antibiotics, surgical debridement of lesions, foot soaks and bandaging. |
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GP - Venipuncture - Lateral saphenous and cephalic veins
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The most accessible but are very small
Only a small amount can be collected Use an insulin syringe |
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GP - Venipuncture - Jugular
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Used for larger volumes
Very stressful restrain for the animal Shave fur in the area to enhance visibility Use a 25 gauge needle and a 3 mL syringe |
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GP - Handling & Restraint
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Usually need minimal restraint during a PE.
Carry a GP by supporting its weight in one hand and cupping its dorsum w/the other hand. |
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GP - Fluid Therapy
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Usually given by SC administration
Give into the loose skin of the dorsal neck Many react painfully when fluids are administered |
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GP - Hospitalization
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Give all parenteral Vit C daily
They do not adapt well to changes in their environment or routine and should only be hospitalized if absolutely necessary. |
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Chinchilla - Normal Temperature
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99 - 102 F
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Chinchilla - Normal HR
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200 - 350 bpm
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Chinchilla - Normal RR
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40-80 breaths/min
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Chinchilla - Life span
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Avg 10 years
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Chinchilla - average weight
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400-600 g
Females tend to be larger than males. |
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Chinchilla - Gestation period
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Avg 111 days
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Chinchilla - Sexual maturity
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8 months
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Chinchilla - what do the babies look like when they're born?
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precocious (fully furred, eyes open, teeth), weighing 30-50g at birth
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Chinchilla - What is the recommended diet?
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High fiber, good-quality grass hay, supplemented w/small amounts of pellets, fresh vegetables and grain
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Chinchilla - When do they eat?
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70% of total daily intake is consumed at night.
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Chinchilla - Are they crupuscular?
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yes
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Chinchilla - What is the accepted formula for pellets?
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16-20% protein
2-5% fat 15-35% bulk fiber |
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Chinchilla - What is Fur-Chewing
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Alopecia is usually associated with fur chewing
Coat will appear "moth-eaten" |
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Chinchilla - What is Fur Slip?
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A predator avoidance mechanism of chinchillas in which the animals when struggling can release a large patch of fur enabling it to escape.
A clean, smooth area of skin is left, and hair may require several months to regrow. |
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Chinchilla - What causes fur-chewing?
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Poor husbandry
Not enough dust bath available |
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Chinchilla - What can you do to prevent fur-chewing?
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Place on prozac.
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Chinchilla - What is commonly fractured in chinchillas?
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Tibia
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Chinchilla - When do fractures occur?
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When a chinchilla is grabbed by its hind limb or catches its leg in a cage bar
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Chinchilla - Other things about bones...
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Have bones like rabbits - thin & fragile
Surgical repair can be difficult Limiting mobility after surgery is essential for fracture healing Chinchillas adapt well when amputation is necessary |
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Ferrets - Life span
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5-8 years
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Ferrets - Sexual maturity
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4-8 months
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Ferrets - Gestation period
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41-42 days
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Ferrets - Litter size
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Range from 1-18
Average is 8 |
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Ferrets - Weaning age
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6-8 weeks
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Ferrets - Normal Temperature
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100 - 103 F
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Ferrets - Normal HR
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180 - 250 bpm
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Ferrets - Normal RR
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40 - 60 breaths/min
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Ferrets - What is the maximum amount of blood that can be taken from a healthy adult?
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6 - 10 ml/kg body weight
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Ferrets - What are males called?
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Hobs
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Ferrets - What are females called?
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Jill
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Ferrets - What are spayed females called?
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Sprite
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Ferrets - What are babies called?
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Kits
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Ferrets - "Ferret Proofed"
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In houses where ferrets are allowed to run loose, the ferrets must be monitored and the house must be ferret proofed.
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Ferrets - Are they carnivores or herbivores?
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Strict carnivores
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Ferrets - What kind of food do they need?
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Highly digestible foods containing large amounts of protein and fat, w/minimal carbs and fiber (similar to cats).
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Ferrets - Protein?
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Ferrets require food containing 32-38% protein
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Ferrets - Fats?
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Ferrets thrive when fed commercial foods containing 20-30% fat
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Ferrets - How much energy do they have?
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Highly energetic animals
High metabolic rate |
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Ferrets - Where do you collect small volumes of blood?
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The saphenous or cephalic vein
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Ferrets - Where do you collect blood for large volumes?
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The jugular vein or the cranial vena cava
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Ferrets - Catheter placement
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Ferrets have very tough skin, so it is often necessary to prepuncture skin w/a 22 g needle to allow easier catheter placement
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Ferrets - What must they be vaccinated against?
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Rabies & Canine distemper
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Ferrets - What are ferrets not susceptible to?
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Feline distemper or Feline leukemia virus
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Ferrets - What is the inactivated rabies vaccine approved for use in ferrets?
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Imrab
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Ferrets - Why should they be observed after vaccines?
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For allergic reactions
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Ferrets - What do some vets do to prevent vaccine reactions?
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Give Benadryl prior to vaccination.
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Ferrets - What should you use for caging in a hospital?
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Use only cages w/very small spacing between vertical bars
Provide towels to allow for burrowing. Provide a water bottle or a small weighted bowl Feed regular diet as they can be finicky. |
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Ferrets - Blood transfusions
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Anemic ferrets may need blood transfusions
Consider a transfusion when PCV is <15% |
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Ferrets - What are anorectic ferrets fed?
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They can be force-fed Nutri-Cal (Nutritional/Vitamin supplement), meat-based baby foods, a/d or a mixture of all of these.
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Ferrets - Why is force-feeding important?
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For prevention of hypoglycemia in the mgmt of anorectic ferrets w/insulinomas.
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Ferrets - What is ECE?
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Epizootic Catarrhal Enteritis = "Green Diarrhea Disease"
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Ferrets - What causes ECE?
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A corona virus
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Ferrets - How does ECE spread?
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Rapidly amoung ferrets by direct contact and by fomites.
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Ferrets - ECE CS
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profuse green diarrhea and accompanying dehydration.
Older ferrets (>1 yr) develop a more severe form of this disease where as young ferrets may not show any CS |
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Ferrets - ECE Treatment
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FLUIDS!!!
Oral antibiotics prevent secondary bacterial infection Bland diet |
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Ferrets - ECE Prognosis
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Good w/treatment
Mortality < 5% |
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Ferrets - What is Insulinoma?
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Pancreatic islet cell tumors of the beta cells.
These tumors produce an excessive amount of insulin, resulting in hypoglycemia. |
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Ferrets - What age group do you see Insulinoma in?
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3-8 yrs and common 4-5 yrs
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Ferrets - Insulinoma CS
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Acute episode of collapse during which the ferret is depressed, minimally responsive and recumbent
Gradual onset over weeks to months in which there may be decreased appetite and weight loss, ataxia or pronounced weakness, particularly in the hind legs |
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Ferrets - Insulinoma Diagnosis
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A presumptive sx of insulinoma is based on CS and lab evidence of hypoglycemia.
Ferrets w/blood glucose concentrations lower than 70 mg/dL are suspected of having insulinoma. |
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Ferrets - Normal Blood Glucose
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95 - 200 mg/dL
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Ferrets - Insulinoma Medical Mgmt
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prednisone and diazoxide
Singly or combo depending on severity of CS |
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Ferrets - Insulinoma Diazoxide
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Used in more severe cases
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Ferrets - Insulinoma - How effective is medical mgmt?
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Controls CS for periods of 6 months - 1.5 years
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Ferrets - Insulinoma - Surgery
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May stop or slow progression of the insulinoma
Even if they do get surgery, the disease will prob come back. |
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Ferrets - What should owners of ferrets w/insulinoma always have readily available?
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Honey, corn syrup or other liquid sugar products
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Ferrets - Adrenal Gland Disease
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Seen typically in middle-aged to older ferrets.
Underlying cause is unknown, but there is speculation that early neutering or inbreeding are factors. CS - Alopecia (#1), dry skin, itching, vulvar enlargement in females and prostatic enlargement in males |
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Ferrets - Adrenal Gland Disease - What is a presumptive dx?
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Medical history, CS of disease and pertinent findings during PE
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Ferrets - Adrenal Gland Disease - What is definitive dx?
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May require lab testing, abdominal ultrasound or endoscopy.
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Ferrets - Adrenal Gland Disease - Surgical Mgmt
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Removal of the affected adrenal gland or debulking is the tx method of choice.
The left adrenal gland is more easily resected b/c of its anatomical location. |
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Ferrets - Adrenal Gland Disease - Medical Mgmt
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Lupron - a life-long treatment for ferrets w/adrenal disease.
It is given by injection once a month for 3-4 months initially. Over time, tx may need to be more frequent & sustained - every 1, 2 or 4 months. |
