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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Martin Heidegger known for?
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Emphasized individuality (Jemeinigkeit), & distinguished herd mentality (Dasman) from high awareness & uniqueness (Dasein).
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What is Jon Paul Sartre known for?
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Was similar to Heidegger, but emphasized the fundamental project- or the basic choice of oneself that gives distinctive shape to an individual life.
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What is Ludwig Binswanger known for?
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Daseinsanalyse- or an analysis of each human's capability for giving meaning to existence.
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What is Viktor Frankl known for?
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Logotherapy- or three kinds of meaning in an indifferent world.
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What are the three different meanings in logotherapy?
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1) Experiential values: based on received experience.
2) Creative values: realized through indirect action in the world. 3) Attitudinal values: when the first two are blocked, this can be realized through understanding alone. |
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What is Rollo May known for?
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Existential experiences of anxiety, love, & power in the psychotherapeutic context.
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What is Irving Yalom known for?
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Importance of accepting responsibility, isolation, & death.
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What is Eugene Gendlin known for?
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"Felt meaning" through emotionally-based intuition.
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What to Khoshaba & Maddi think?
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Hardiness as existential courage. Remember the three c's: commitment, control, & challenge.
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What are the concrete aims?
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Psycotherapy involves confrontations, psychotherapy as an act of love, psychotherapy as responsibility, psychotherapy as a basis for recognizing the inherently stressful nature of living, psychotherapy as support in greater toleration of ontological anxiety & choosing the future more, & psychotherapy as a way of building existential courage in the client.
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Explain: psychotherapy involves confrontations
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Contrasts with Rogers, and its emphasis on the future contrasts with Freud.
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Explain: psychotherapy as an act of love & respect
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The client is regarded as someone who can understand about, and do what is necessary for the best life.
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Explain: psychotherapy as responsibility
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Recognition that one has created one's present life, primarily through choosing the past, rather than the future.
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Explain: psychotherapy as a basis for recognizing the inherently stressful nature of living
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Led the client to choose the past rather than the future, in order to avoid anxiety.
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Explain: psychotherapy as support in greater toleration of ontological anxiety, & choosing the future more
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Through how one copes, interacts, & takes care of self.
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Explain: psychotherapy as a way of building existential courage in the client
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When therapy is over, he can continue choosing the future, in the process of growing & developing.
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What is Binswanger's technique?
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Emphasis on "why" in order to help clients recognize their responsibility for their livs.
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What are Frankl's two techniques?
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1) Emphasis on "dereflection" to help clients et over emotional preoccupations.
2) Emphasis on "paradoxical intention" to help gain control over their symptoms, through learning their defensive status. |
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What is Gendlin's technique?
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"Focusing" to help clients use their emotionally based intuitions in making decisions.
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What are Khoshaba & Maddi's techniques?
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"Harditraining" to help clients rely on problem-solving coping, socially-supportive interactions, and beneficial self-care, & building existential courage in the process. In this, the techniques emphasize "situational reconstruction," "focusing," & "compensatory self-improvement."
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Crumbaugh's Purpose in Life Test includes...
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a) Item emphasis: "in life i have...no goals/clear goals" "i am a very..irresponsible/responsible" & "every day is new/the same."
b) Validation study: N of 1151 compared 4 normal & 6 patient groups. c) Results: Normal groups showed more meaning of & purpose in life. d) Test reliability: Stability r of .995 on 50 subjects in group 1. e) Validity correlations: Re MMPI, only significant r was negative with depression. f) Validity correlations: Re Srole Anomie scale- a moderate negative relationship. g) Validity correlations: Re Minister's evaluations of subjects, a moderate positive relationship. |
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Thorne's Existential Study Test studied these groups
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Gp 1 incarcerated felons Gp 3 hospitalized alcoholics Gp 5 students studying ann rand Gp 6 umarried mothers Gp 7 undergrad psych students Gp 8 hospitalized schizophrenic patients
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Thorne's Existential Study Test's Method...
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Test was part of a routine battery administered in groups. Statistical procedure was a factor analyses to identify orthogonal factors.
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Thorne's Existential Study Test's Results...
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5 orthogonal factors emerged:
1) demoralization state/ existential neurosis 2) religious dependency defenses 3) existential confidence/ morale 4) self-actualization esteem 5) concern over the human condition |
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Langle's Existence Scale Method...
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46 items measuring
-self distance (realistic perception) -self transcendence (free emotionality) -freedom (decision making ability) -responsibility (your life is yours to make) |
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Langle's Existence Scale Research...
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Compared to Purpose in life test, logo test (lukas) schedule of recent experience, neuroticism & extraversion (eysenck), and depression (zerssen)
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Langle's Existence Scale Results...
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On 1028 Austrian adults, and a depressive patient group. ES scales show:
-adequate internal consistency reliability. -no gender differences -depressive patients lower on scale scores. -negative rs with neuroticism & depression -positive rs with purpose in life scores -existential fulfillment is not extraversion |
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Maddi & Khoshaba's Hardiness measurement method...
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The Personal Views Survey III-R has 18 questionnaire items measuring the existential courage shown in the subscales of commitment, control, & challenge. Regarding stresses, commitment involves staying involved, control involves persisting in having an effect, & challenge involves seeing an opportunity to learn from the experiences.
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Maddi & Khoshaba's Hardiness measure Research
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-hundreds of studies have been done around the world.
-the hardiness measure has adequate reliability, & the 3 c's are related to each other and to the total score. |
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Maddi & Khoshaba's Hardiness measure original research
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The Illinois Bell study: A natural experiment involving 450 managers in a company disrupted by federal deregulation of its work. Data was collected for 6 years before, and 6 years after the deregulation. Results showed that managers who were resilient had clear signs of hardiness and resulting coping.
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Maddi & Khoshaba's Hardiness measure's subsequent research...
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Hardiness is positively related to health measures under stress of military missions, culture shock of immigration, and work missions abroad, and ongoing work and school pressures. Also to enhanced performance under stress in basketball players, military officers, and firefighters in training, leadership among west point cadets, retention rate among college students, and speed of recovery of baseline functioning in culture shock. Also to problem solving coping, sociall supportive interactions, and beneficial self care. Negatively related to depression, anxiety, & anger.
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Khoshaba & Maddi's Harditraining
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Hardiness training involves techniques for dealing with stresses by problem solving coping, socially supportive interactions, and beneficial self care, and using the feedback to deepen hardiness attitudes.(3c's)
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Khoshaba & Maddi's Harditraining research results
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Harditraining decreases strain symptoms, and improves performance and health in working adults and college students
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Khoshaba & Maddi's Harditraining training techniques
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Trainees engage in problem solving coping, socially supportive interactions, and bneficial self care (in regard to stresses) and use the feedback to deepen hardiness attitudes.
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Khoshaba & Maddi's Harditraining research findings
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Harditraining enhances performance and health in working adults and college students.
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