Exercise Science Test 2

Front 1

Name the different types of skeletal muscle tissue?

Back 1

1. muscle cells
2. connective tissue
3. blood
4. nerve tissue

mike can bleed nervously

Front 2

What is the outermost layer that surrounds the entire muscle?

Back 2

epimysium

epic as in large

Front 3

Do muscle cells have one or many nuclei?

Back 3

many

Front 4

What role do satellite cells play in muscle growth?

Back 4

Contributes nuclei to existing muscle fibers

Front 5

What is the cell membrane surround the muscle cells called?

Back 5

sarcolemma

Front 6

What are myofibrils?

Back 6

thread-like structures that contain the contractile proteins

Front 7

What are the sections of the myofibiril called?

Back 7

sarcomeres

Front 8

What divides sarcomeres?

Back 8

z-line

Front 9

What are the two types of protein filaments in the myofibrils?

Back 9

actin (thin)
myosin (thick)

Front 10

Light and dark portions of the sarcomere?

Back 10

I band and A band (respectively)

Front 11

What is the area of the sarcomere called where the filaments do not overlap?

Back 11

H zone

Front 12

Name a purpose of the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

Back 12

contain calcium (important for muscular contraction)

Front 13

read page 147

Back 13

read page 147

Front 14

Number of skeletal muscles?

Back 14

over 400

Front 15

Muscle are what percent of total body weight?

Back 15

40-50%

Front 16

Three major functions of skeletal muscles?

Back 16

1. force production for movement and breathing
2. force production for postural support
3. heat production during cold stress

Front 17

Briefly describe sliding filament theory

Back 17

actin slides over the myosin, the cross bridges act as the "arms" of the myosin and attach to the actin in a strong binding state

Front 18

Troponin and tropomyosin?

Back 18

act as regulatory proteins in the control of contraction, calcium binds to troponin to initiate process

Front 19

Look at table 8.1 for muscle fiber information

Back 19

look at 8.1

Front 20

Describe how muscle atrophy from disuse?

Back 20

first two days - due to decreased muscle synthesis
after - due to increased protein breakdown

Front 21

Concentric and eccentric?

Back 21

raise and lower, respectively

Front 22

Amount of force generated by contraction depends on?

Back 22

1. type and number of motor recruited
2. initial muscle length (there is a certain optimal length - max crossbridge interaction)
3. the nature of the motor units neural stimulation

Front 23

What is the relationship between peak force and the speed of movement?

Back 23

as the speed increases, force decreases

Front 24

Name the purposes of the cardivascular system?

Back 24

1. transport oxygen to tissues and remove waste
2. transport nutrients to tissue
3. regulate body temperature

Front 25

Describe the path of blood, putting these terms in order
1. right side of heart
systemic curcuit
lungs
tissue
pulminary curcuit
left side of heart

Back 25

right side, pulminary, lungs, left side, systemic, tissue

Front 26

an oriole can vent vehemently

Back 26

artery, arteriole, capillary, venules, veins
(from left side to right side)

Front 27

read chapter 9 sg section on valves

Back 27

valves

Front 28

List the differences between cardiac and skeletal muscles

Back 28

cardiac muscles are:
1. shorter and branched
2. interconnected via intercalcated disks
3. contraction is involuntary
4. no different fiber types

Front 29

List the similarities between cardiac and skeletal muscles

Back 29

both are:
1. striated
2. require calcium to activate contraction
3. contract via sliding filament model

Front 30

At rest times of systole and diastole

Back 30

.3 and .5s, respectively

Front 31

How do you find mean artierial blood pressure?

Back 31

cardiac output times total vascular resistance

Front 32

What functions as the cardiac pacemaker?

Back 32

SA node

Front 33

Name the three layers of the heart wall?

Back 33

1. epicardium
2. myocardium
3. endocardium

Front 34

What muscle fibers to cardiac fibers most resemble?

Back 34

type 1, slow-oxidative (although the cardiac fibers contain more mitochondria)

Front 35

Name 5 factors that can increase blood pressure?

Back 35

increased blood volume, heart rate, stroke volume, blood viscosity, peripheral resistance

Front 36

What does the AV node do?

Back 36

transports atrial depolarization with the ventricles

Front 37

What does the P wave represent?

Back 37

atrial depolarization

Front 38

What does the QRS complex represent?

Back 38

depolarization of ventricles and atrial repolarization (hidden)

Front 39

What does the T wave represent?

Back 39

ventricular repolarization

Front 40

How do you calculate total cardiac output?

Back 40

HR times SV

Front 41

What increases venous return during exercise?

Back 41

1. venoconstriction
2. muscle pump
3. respiratory pump

Front 42

What does the vagus nerve do?

Back 42

carries parasympathetic impulses to the SA and AV nodes

Front 43

What is the initial increase in HR (up to 100bpm) during exercise attributed to?

Back 43

a withdrawal of the parasympathetic tone

Front 44

What do cardiac accelerator nerves do?

Back 44

allow the sympathetic fibers to reach the heart

Front 45

Name three variables that regulate stroke volume?

Back 45

1. end-diastolic volume (direct)
2. average aortic blood pressure (inverse)
3. strength of ventricular contraction (direct)

Front 46

What is blood flow porportional to?

Back 46

difference in pressure divided by resistance

Front 47

How do you calculate flow resistance?

Back 47

length time viscosity divided by radius^4

Front 48

Fact: arterioles offer the greatest source of vascular resistance

Back 48

fact

Front 49

How does exercise affect blood flow to the gut?

Back 49

it decreases

Front 50

When does stroke volume plateau during exercise?

Back 50

at 40-50% of VO2 max (not true for endurance athletes)

Front 51

What does a-vO2 represent?

Back 51

the amount of oxygen that is taken up from the blood and used in tissues

Front 52

How quickly does HR reach a steady state transitioning from rest to work?

Back 52

2 to 3 minutes

Front 53

Are heart rate and blood pressure higher during arm or leg work

Back 53

arm work

Front 54

How does a hot/humid environment affect HR during exercise?

Back 54

HR drifts upward (CV drift)

Front 55

How does sweat loss affect plasma volume?

Back 55

decreases it, which in turn increases heart rate

Front 56

Why does arm exercise increase HR more than leg exercise?

Back 56

increases sympathetic activity

Front 57

Describe the command center theory of CV control?

Back 57

the initial signal to "drive" the CV system at the beginning of exercise comes from the higher brain centers

Front 58

Fact: although central command is the primary drive to increase heart rate during exercise, the CV response to exercise is fine-tuned by feedback from muscle chemoreceptors, muscle mechanoreceptors, and arterial baroreceptors to the CV control center

Back 58

fact