Exercise Sci Ch 1,2,3,5,6,7

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discipline

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a body of knowledge organized around a theme or focus

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technical definitions

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specialized meanings of terms used to convey information to others within a technical field.

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physical activity

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movement that is voluntary, intentional, & directed toward achieving an identifiable goal

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movement

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any change in the position of body parts relative to each other

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experiential knowledge

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self-knowledge & knowledge about physical activity derived from performing or watching physical activity

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theoretical knowledge

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knowledge of concepts & principles & the research strategies used to discover them. Theoretical knowledge in kinesiology is knowledge about the physical activity, embedded in the subdisciplines, acquired by formal studying of the subdisciplines

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subdisciplines

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a way of dividing the scholarly study of physical activity to facilitate teaching and research. The divisions represent extensions of established disciplines such as psychology, physiology, & history

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professional practice knowledge

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knowledge derived from integration of performance, scholarly study, & practical experience about appropriate ways to deliver professional services

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exercise

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physical activity intended to improve one's health or alter the appearance of one's body

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health-related exercise

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exercise undertaken to develop or maintain a sound working body

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therapeutic exercise

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the systematic and scientific application of exercise & movement to develop or restore muscular strength, endurance, & flexibility; neuromuscular coordination; cardiovascular efficiency; & other health performance factors

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skilled movement

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performances that require accuracy of direction, force & rhythm or timing to accomplish predetermined goals

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sport

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physical activity in which movement is performed to achieve a specific goal in a manner specified by established rules

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developmental skills

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skills performed in non-sport setting where rules & competition are irrelevant

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preprofessional

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professionals-in-training whose orientation to undergraduate studies is to become highly competent practitioners

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kinesiology

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the discipline or body of knowledge that studies physical activity through performance, scholarly analysis, & professional practice

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holism

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when applied to the nature of persons, a position that underscores the interdependence & interrelatedness of ttought & physicality

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spheres of physical activity experience

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various dimensions of everyday life in which physical activity plays an important & distinctive role

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spheres of professional practice in physical activity

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groupings of different career paths in the physical activity professions according to similarities in the types of preparation required, clients served, & contexts in which the work is performed

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activities of daily living (ADLs)

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self-sufficient physical activities involving personal grooming, dressing, eating, walking & using the toilet

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instrumental activites of daily living (IADLs)

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less personal self-sufficient activities such as shopping, telephoning, cooking or doing laundry

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home maintenance activities

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self-sufficient activities intended to improve or repair conditions living in one's apartment or house.

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gestures

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movements used to communicate our intentions to others; they ma be illustrators, emblems, or regulators

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emblems

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body movements such as hand signals that can be translated easily into explicit messages

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illustrators

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gestures used to demonstrate or complement what is being said

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regulators

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hand & body movements used to guide the flow of conversations such as in greetings or when parting company

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instrumental movements

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movements employed in a physical activity to accomplish the goal of the action; differentiated from expressive movements

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expressive movements

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movements employed in a physical activity as a way of expressing something of one's own emotion or personality; differentiated from instrumental movements

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rituals

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physical activity employed to express symbolically some experience, truth, or value held deeply by a particular group

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ergonomists (or human factors engineers)

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engineers who seek to improve the safety and efficiency of work through analysis of workers' movements & conditions in the workplace

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cumulative trauma disorders

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injuries to muscle, tendons, nerves & ligaments brought about through repetitive motion of a body part

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carpal tunnel syndrome

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a type of cumulative trauma disorder to the hand & wrist, usually suffered by carpenters, typists, packers, assembly line workers, & others who repeat the same movements for several hours each day

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free time

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personal time that has not been encumbered with obligations; also called discretionary time

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leisure

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a state of being in which humans find deep satisfaction & contentment, often accompanied bu feelings of wonder, celebration, excitement & creativity

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leisure studies or recreation

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an area of study or department in a college or university that focuses on preparing individuals for careers in the leisure industry

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leisure activities

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physical activities that nourish or maintain the disposition of leisure

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side-by-side competitive activities

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contests such as golf, swim racing, & so forth in which individuals do not directly interact in striving to accomplish the goal

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face-to-face noncontact activities

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contests such as volleyball, tennis, & baseball in which individuals interact with opponents to maximize their own chances of winning but do not physically manipulate their opponents

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face-to-face contact activities

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contests such as football, wrestling, basketball, & soccer in which individuals interact w/ opponents' attempts to achieve the goal by physically manipulating their movements

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impersonal competition

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physical activities such as mountain climbing, long-distance swimming, & so forth, in which an individual attempts to better an established record in an activity that does not involve opponents

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subjective experience

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individual reactions, feelings & thoughts about events

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activity experience

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training in, observation of, practice of, or participation in physical activity

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performance capacity

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qualities of physical activity such as flexibility, muscular endurance, cardiovascular endurance, & strength that are developed through training rather than learning

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conditioning

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the temporary end state of training reflected in the performer's possessing an adequate level of strength, endurance, & flexibility to carry out desired tasks

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physical fitness

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a capacity developed through exercise enabling one to perform the essential activities of daily living, engage in an active leisure, lifestyle, & have sufficient energy remaining to meet the demands of unexpected emergencies

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motor performance fitness

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a capacity developed through physical activity experience that enables people to perform daily activities with vigor. This type of fitness often incorporates an element of skill

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health-related fitness

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developed through physical activity experience, it refers to capacities & traits associated with low rise of hypokinetic diseases

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hypokinetic diseases

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diseases such as heart disease, obesity, & high blood pressure that are directly associated with low levels of daily physical activity

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depth of capacity

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achieving a high level of competence in a narrow range of physical activities

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breadth of capacity

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achieving a low to moderate level of competence in a wide range of physical activities

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principle of quality

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experiences that engage us in the most critical aspects of an activity are the most likely to improve our capacity to perform that activity

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principle of quantity

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increasing the frequency of experiences that engage us in the critical components of a physical activity will lead to increases in our capacity to perform that activity

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task analysis

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the systematic examination of a particular physical activity for purposes of disclosing its critical components

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motor skill taxonomy

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a classification system that categories motor skills according to their common critical components

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closed skills

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a motor skill in which performers must coordinate their movements with a predictable, usually stationary, environment

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open skills

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a motor skill in which performers must coordinate their movements with an unpredictable, usually moving, environment

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abilities

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genetically endowed perceptual, cognitive, motor, metabolic & personality traits that are susceptible to little or no modification by practice or training

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reflection

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a generic term used to describe the distinctive nature of philosophic research; often contrasted w/ the methods of science such as data gathering or empirical observation

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inductive reasoning

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a method of reflection that starts w/ specific cases or examples & moves toward broad, general conclusions

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deductive reasoning

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a method of reflection that starts w/ one or more broad, general principles & moves toward specific conclusions

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descriptive and speculative reasoning

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a method of reflection that describes the essential qualities of one example of an object or event; also a technique that allows the philosopher to go beyond actual experience or observation

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phenomenology

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a method of reflection that examines the content of consciousness & gives credence to differences encountered in normal subjective life

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critical and poetic reasoning

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a method of reflection that questions the validity of traditional philosophical thinking, combined w/ tentative, suggestive, & often speculative analyses

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dualism

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when applied to the nature of persons, a doctrine that emphasizes the radical distinctiveness & independence of mind & body

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holism

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when applied to the nature of persons, a position that underscores the interdependence & interrelatedness of thought & physicality

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embodiment

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a description of our human condition; usually a holistic conception emphasizing the impact of physicality on everything that people are & do

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lived body

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the human body as it is immediately experienced in all varieties of life projects; the body as felt, as residing in the background. This stands in contrast to the body as objectified, an item in the foreground

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ethical values

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conceptions about right and wrong actions of individuals

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modernization theory

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a theory emphasizing that the rise of modern sport occurred during the industrial revolution as American society shifted away from being agriculture & locally oriented & developed city-based industries rooted in science & technology

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human agency

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a theory suggesting that people are actively involved in developing or "constructing" their own sports

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homophobia

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fear or dislike of gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgendered individuals

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body culture

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societal conceptions of the human body including body image, body ideals, & body practices

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mixed methods

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a research approach that involves collecting numerical data (e.g., via instruments) & gathering textual data (e.g., via interviews) so that both quantitative & qualitative methods are used. This approach provides a more complete picture of the phenomenon being studied

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focus group

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a group interview for people's shared understandings. It involves an organized discussion w/ selected individuals on their views & experiences. Focus groups are used for sociological research & marketing purposes

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power

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(a) ability to do what you want without being stopped by others
(b) the rate @ which work is done
(work divided by time or force times velocity)