Exercise Physiology - Homeoskinesis

Front 1

Examples of factors that have a homeokinesis:

Back 1

Arterial blood pressure, blood glucose, heart rate, etc,

Front 2

Homeokinesis –

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The ability of the body to maintain a stable internal environment. Stable, not constant. A value in the middle around which you can vary and it not be bad. Too high or too low means death or disorder

Front 3

Homeo –

Back 3

state of

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Kinesis –

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movement

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Stasis –

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same, or static. Which is why we say “homeokinesis” instead of “homesostatic”

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Failure of any component of a control system results in a disturbance of -

Back 6

homeostasis

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Negative feedback –

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When the result of the system acts to surpass the system

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Too little/too much -> stimulus -> change of internal conditions ->

Back 8

sensor -> data to control center -> control center -> response to stimulus -> effect -> negative feedback and return to normal -> homeostasis

Front 9

Many types of control centers:

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nervous system, encrodrine organs, muscles

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Anaerobic –

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without AIR. Specifically oxygen ;)

Front 11

Creatine –

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more beneficial to females because we don’t produce as much of it. Cycle off of it so that the liver doesn’t quit making it.

Front 12

PO2 –

Back 12

partial pressure of O2

Front 13

Mitochondrion comes from your…

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…mommie. Whether or not your mom was an athlete affects you more

Front 14

Water balance –

Back 14

important for nutrient, oxygen, and waste exchange. Important for dilution and exchange. It’s is the universal solvent due to structure.

Front 15

Total body water =

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Intracellular fluid + external cellular fluid

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ICF – Internal Cellular Fluid. Such as cytoplasm and sarcoplasm

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TBW = Total Body water. Is Internal Cellular Fluid + External Cellular fluid

Front 17

Sarcoplasm –

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has much more fuel (fat) than typical cytoplasm. Is found in muscle cells

Front 18

Higher intensity means burning more calories which means your burning more fat. Good.

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Laying around burns a higher percentage of fat than running does, but running burns more straight up calories. So run!

Front 19

Physiological control mechanisms:

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1) Water balance, 2) Ionic balance, 3) O2- CO2 Balance, 4) Ionic (electrolyte) balance, 5) Acid Base Balance, 6) Temperature regulation, 7)Metabolism, and 8) Translocation

Front 20

ECF –

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External Cellular Fluid.

Front 21

ECF examples:

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1) lymph (nodes and vessels), 2) plasma (non-blood section of blood), 3) synovial (joints), 4) cerebral spinal fluid (spine and brain), and 5) interstitial fluid (between cells). Chemically distinct(?)

Front 22

Ionic balance –

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the balance of the charges particles in the body. Functions in membrane potential, nerve impulse, synaptic transmissions, osmotic pressure

Front 23

Magnesium –

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needed for each and every enzyme. Almonds and pickle juice is a good source of magnesium. Ew. Magnesium can help with menstrual cramps

Front 24

Cramps happen more often when you’re fatigued. There is enough potassium, but not enough ____ to pump the potassium into the cell

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ATP

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Gas tension –

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retain adequate oxygen and removes waste and CO2

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Acid-base balance –

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concentration of H+ and concentration of free molecules

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Blood neutrality –

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7.4 pH. A little basic. Uses negative feedback. Less than 7 or more than 7.8 is bad

Front 28

Lactate leads to acidosis?

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Nope! No cause and affect demonstrated

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Cause of exercise acidosis =

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every time ATP becomes ADP it releases a phosphate and H+ -> decrease in pH

Front 30

Definition: pH –

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parts per hydrogen

Front 31

In normal amounts of work, H+ is used as it’s produced. In higher intensity exercise though, the h+ Build up due to more involvement of ATP

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The end result of glycolysis is pyruvate. When there is excess H+, the pyruvate can absorb two of the protons and turns into lactate.
since lactate production coincides with acidosis, lactate measurement is an excellent “indirect” measurement of intensity

Front 32

lactate acts as a ___________ to the cells’ elevated proton levels during intense exercise

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buffer/nuetralizer

Front 33

Explain exercise induced acidosis

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…

Front 34

Lactate production is the ______ of cellular acidosis, not the _________ of acidosis

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consequence…..cause

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Lactate production actually ______ acidosis

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retards

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After 20-30 mins of rest, your lactate levels are

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back to baseline

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Buffer examples:

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plasma proteins, hemoglobin, carbonate system

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Plasma proteins –

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sometimes function as proton acceptors

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Hemoglobin –

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accepting protons

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Base excess –

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we have more a little higher pH in our blood. 7.4 is neutral

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Main stimulus to respiration in exercise is ...

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CO2.

Front 42

2 way to remove acid from the body –

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1) Respiratory and 2) Renal (not urinary)

Front 43

Temperature regulation –

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Two types of modifiers: central and peripheral

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Core preferable temp:

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37 deg C

Front 45

Hormones that ^metabolism -> ^temperature –

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thyroxin, and catecholamines (norepinephrine and epinephrine)

Front 46

Skin temperature can go from

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30-40 deg C

Front 47

Sources of aerobic energy:

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Citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and ETC

Front 48

Two sources of anaerobic energy:

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glycolysis and creatine phosphate

Front 49

Once your skin temperature gets above 40 deg C –

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you get a sunburn (melting fat deposits)

Front 50

Skin temperature of 10-20:

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Frostburn then frostbite

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Pyrogen –

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bacteria or natural body messengers (hormones), increases body temperature

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What helps to lose body heat –

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evaporation, radiation, conduction

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Conduction –

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movement of heat through touch, convection

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Way to increase body heat:

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shivering, non-shivering thermogensis

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shivering - ^ metabolism ->

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^heat. All that energy is then released as heat

Front 56

Non-shivering thermogensis:

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catecholamine (norepinephrine) ^plasma volume, ^mobilization of fatty acids

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Hypothermia –

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extremely low body temperature. Result of not adapting

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Fuels we utilize –

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carbohydrates, fat, protiens

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Carbs –

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glycogen is stored in muscle and liver. Converted to fat if not utilized

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Fat –

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triglycerides, fatty acids. Used or stored as fat. Cannot be changed to muscle

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Glycogen –

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glycerol and 3 fatty acids

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Protein –

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amino acids, converted to glucose or fat if not utilized

Front 63

More potassium ____side the cell

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in

Front 64

Different gradient:

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concentration, electrical potentials

Front 65

Glut-4 –

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Helps recognize/transport the glucose

Front 66

Osmosis -

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movement of fluid

Front 67

Osmotic pressure -

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# of solvents, not size

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Lymphatics –

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return fluid the central circulation, especially during exercise (keeps us from getting dehydrated

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Lympathic system drains into:

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the subclavian veins

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Phagocytosis, pinotcytosis, and exocytosis =

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Phago: intake of particles. Pino: intake of liquid. Exo: output

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Active transport –

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the opposite of diffusion. Requires ATP. 50% of our energy goes there

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__% of all body energy Is used in active transport.

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50

Front 73

How large membranes move:

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phagocysis, pinocytosis….

Front 74

Exercise disrupts homeostatis by changes in (4 things)…

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…pH, O2, CO2, and temp

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Control systems are capable of maintaining study state during _________________ ___________ in a _____

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environment… submaxiamal exercise…cool

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Control system:

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water, ionic balance, gas tension, acid base balance, temperature regulation

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Phosphate bonds are right in the middle of scale of

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hard-to-break bonds.

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ATP –

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Adenosine triphosphate

Front 79

All energy processes use …

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…ATP

Front 80

Magnesium is needed...

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...for the ATP to have the right shape

Front 81

ATPase is required to...

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...break off phosphate

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ATP ________ does NOT require oxygen

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hydrolysis

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Enough ATP is stored for a couple seconds of movement
ATP is stored in small amounts in _____

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muscles

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There is about __ kcal of energy in ATP stored at a time

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2

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Types of work in the body:

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mechanical work, chemical work, and transport work.

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Metabolism –

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highly integrated network of chemical reactions essential to the viability of living organisms

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Metabolism regulation is dependent on:

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1) precursors (substrates, reactants), 2) products, 3) integrators/enzymes (determine the rate of rxn and are responsible for how energy is stored, and may be inhibited or accelerated

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Enzymes –

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determine the rate of reaction. Required for set energy to proceed. May be inhibited or stimulated.

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Energy to perform work comes from an ______ of anaerobic and aerobic systems

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interaction

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Rapid energy source:

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ATP and CP system

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Short term energy source:

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glycolysis

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Long term energy source:

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aerobic system

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Classification: strength/power. Duration: 0-4 secs. Source:

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Stored ATP

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Classification: sustained power: Duration: 0-10 secs. Source:

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ATP and PC

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Classification: anaerobic power/endurance. Duration: 0-90 secs. Source:

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ATP, PC, and glycolysis

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Classification: Aerobic Endurance. Duration: +3mins. Source:

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anaerobic and aerobic systems

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Strength/power examples:

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power lift, high jump, volleyball jump serve, swing of the bat

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Sustained power examples:

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sprints, fast breaks, hit a double

Front 99

Anaerobic power/endurance examples -

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running around lake padden, playing a whole soccer game, cross country

Front 100

Food consumed is not translated directly into _______. First is converted into ATP

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energy

Front 101

During light exercise, the energy required by the muscles increases by __x and with maximal intensity it can up to a factor of __x

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5…20

Front 102

Rapid Energy Source System:

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supplies energy very rapidly, but is of very limited capacity.

Front 103

Short-Term Energy Source System:

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which yields energy for relatively short durations, but with a greater capacity than the rapid energy system.

Front 104

Long Duration Energy System:

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has a large capacity in relation to the other two systems, but takes longer to activate.

Front 105

Specificity Training Concept:

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different and specific types of energy sources in muscles respond to certain types of exercise. Training one doesn’t train the other

Front 106

Power =

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[Force (kg) x Distance (m)]/Time (sec)

Front 107

Stairs and vertical jump uses:

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stored ATP and ATP-PC so that the two have a correlated power output

Front 108

The last 10 seconds of the wingate test were difficult because we had used up ______-______

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creatine-phosphate

Front 109

Two mechanisms of anaerobic ATP formation –

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phosphagen and glycolysis

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Phosphagen system:

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the ATP-PC system used <5 secs

Front 111

VO2 –

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volume of oxygen consumed. Represents the body’s ability to deliver and use O2. Measured in L/min or L/(min*kg)

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VO2 remains _______ for several minutes after exercise

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elevated

Front 113

“O2 debt” is synonymous with

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EPOC

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EPOC –

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Excess Post-Exercise Oxygen Consumption

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Steady state –

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when oxygen consumption stabilizes and the body’s energy demands are being met through aerobic pathways.

Front 116

Body reaches steady state between __ and ___ minutes

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1…4

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Someone who is aerobically trained will reach steady state _____ than someone who is untrained.

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More quickly

Front 118

O2 deficit –

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the lag in oxygen take up because of anaerobic contributions at the very beginning of exercise

Front 119

O2 debt –

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the post-exercise oxygen consumption that’s above baseline as the body repays the oxygen borrowed from the system at the beginning of exercise + the oxygen needed normally during that few minutes +s the oxygen needed to return homeostasis to the body’s systems

Front 120

What aspect of Frequency, Intensity, or Time (FIT) most effects O2 debt?

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Intensity

Front 121

Oxygen deficit =

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(steady state VO2 x exercise time) – (VO2 consumed during exercise)

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Oxygen debt =

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(VO2 consumed during recovery) – (resting VO2 x min of recovery)

Front 123

ADP + CP <--->

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ATP + CREATINE + AMP + ENERGY

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There are approximately _____-______ mmoles of ATP and CP available in muscle for a 70 kg man, assuming that the average man of 70 kg has 30 kg of muscle.

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570 to 690

Front 125

As there are approximately __ kcal of energy per mole ATP, when ATP is hydrolyzed to AMP, 6 to 7 kcal of energy can be generated immediately from available stores of ATP and CP via a one reaction pathway.

Back 125

11

Front 126

Examples of what you can do with stored ATP alone:

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this energy is enough to sustain one (1) minute of walking at 4.5 miles per hour, running in a cross country race for 30 seconds, or performing maximally in a sprint run for 6-12 seconds.

Front 127

ATP <---> ADP + P + __ kcal

Back 127

7

Front 128

ATP <--->AMP + PP + __ kcal

Back 128

11

Front 129

There is one other one-reaction ATP forming reaction worth noting.
ADP + ADP <--->

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ATP + AMP + ENERGY

Front 130

The glycolytic system uses only _______ as an energy fuel and produces __ net ATP per glucose molecule.

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glucose…2

Front 131

ATP from glucose uses >___% of the possible energy in a glucose molecule

Back 131

5

Front 132

Large quantities of lactic acid are associated with non-oxidative production of ATP via _______

Back 132

glycolysis.

Front 133

Combined, the rapid and short term energy systems have a capacity of roughly __ kcal. This amount could sustain heavy intensity exercise up to ___ minutes.

Back 133

20…3

Front 134

Aerobic metabolism involves production of ATP by coupling the utilization of ______ with the ______ of hydrogen carriers in the electron transport system of the mitochondria.

Back 134

Oxygen…oxidation

Front 135

This priority order is of energy systems primarily due to…

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…a circulatory lag time in order to deliver molecular oxygen to the muscle cell.

Front 136

The maximal capacity of the aerobic production of ATP depends on two factors:

Back 136

(1) the ability to transport oxygen to the cell, and (2) the cell's effective use of oxygen.

Front 137

What body type and athletic specialty are apt to score well on power tests?

Back 137

Atheletes who train for sprinting and power lifting would do best in this

Front 138

Several studies have shown that lactic acid removal from the blood shows ___________________ with the recovery VO2.

Back 138

little relationship or consistency

Front 139

In several experiments where radioactive lactic acid was infused in rat muscle more than _____% resulted in CO2 production with only about ____% being reconverted to glycogen.

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75%...25%

Front 140

This data indicate that lactic acid is being oxidized directly in _______

Back 140

the Krebs cycle.

Front 141

Since humans have heterogeneous muscles with basically two muscle fiber types:

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(1) high oxidative-slow-twitch (endurance fibers with high oxidative machinery), and (2) low oxidative-fast-twitch (strength fibers with low oxidative machinery),

Front 142

The phenomenon which has been called oxygen debt, therefore, probably does not only reflect anaerobic metabolism during exercise, but also the _________, __________, and ________adjustments associated with exercise and recovery from exercise.

Back 142

metabolic, respiratory and thermoregulatory

Front 143

Factors affecting performance:

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energy production, diet, CNS, environment, strength, and skill