Exercise Physiology From Chapter 2 Of The Acsm's Certification Review

Front 1

The term ______________ refers to the body's ability to acquire, convert, store, and utilize energy?

Back 1

Bioenergetics

Front 2

What is the immediate source of energy for all cellular activities, including muscle contraction?

Back 2

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Front 3

After ATP is utilized for energy, it's converted to?

Back 3

Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)

Front 4

Because only a limited amount of ATP is stored in the body, energy pathways have been developed to replace ATP. What are they?

Back 4

1. Phosphagen System
2. Nonoxidative System
3. Oxidative System

Front 5

What system relies on the amount of ATP and phosphocreatine (PCr) that is already stored in the body?

Back 5

Phosphagen System

Front 6

Explain how the phosphagen system works?

Back 6

Through the activity of the enzyme CREATINE KINASE, Phosphocreatine yields its phosphate group so that it can be added to ADP to syntehsize ATP.

Front 7

Approximately how long can the phosphagen system provide energy to the working muscles?

Back 7

Approximately 30 seconds during exercise with all-out effort.

Front 8

The nonoxidative system is sometimes referred to as what?

Back 8

Anaerobic pathway.

Does not require oxygen to produce ATP.

Front 9

In the nonoxidative system, since oxygen isn't required, what is used to produce ATP?

Back 9

Carbohydrates:
-Glucose
-Glycogen

Front 10

Since oxygen isn't required in the nonoxidative system and carbohydrates are used to produce ATP, what is the concern?

Back 10

The breakdown of carbohydrates yields lactic acid, which can contribute to muscle fatigue as it accumulates.

Front 11

Approximately how long can exercise be sustained utilizing the nonoxidative system?

Back 11

30 seconds to 3 minutes.

Front 12

The oxidative system for making ATP is also known as what?

Back 12

Aerobic System

Front 13

What is required for ATP production using the oxidative system?

Back 13

Oxygen

Front 14

What are the three maconutrients utilized for the production of ATP during the oxidative system?

Back 14

1. Carbohydrates
2. Fats (Lipids)
3. Protein

Front 15

What is the byproduct when using the oxidative system?

Back 15

-Oxidative Phosphorylation
a. Water
b. Carbon Dioxide

Front 16

What makes the oxidative system more efficient than the nonoxidative system as far as the byproducts are concerned?

Back 16

Water and Carbon Dioxide have no fatiguing effects on the working muscles like lactic acid does.

Front 17

Activities lasting longer than 3 minutes in duration and in which intensity is limited, muscles rely on what system?

Back 17

Oxidative System

Front 18

Should inadequate oxygen be delivered during the oxidative system, your body will now depend on the nonoxidative system to help compensate. This switch that occurs is referred to as_____________.

Back 18

Anaerobic Threshold or the Lactic Threshold.

Front 19

Among the 3 types of muscle in the human body, what is the most abundant?

Back 19

-Skeletal Muscle: Accounts for more than 50% of the human body's mass.

Front 20

All tissues in the body are comprosed of individual cells. What are the skeletal muscle cells?

Back 20

-Myocytes or Myofibers

Front 21

The __________ is a layer of connective tissue that is wrapped around each myofiber or Myocyte?

Back 21

Endomysium

Front 22

A group of as many as 150 Myofibers or Myocytes lying in parallel are bundled together to form a __________?

Back 22

Fasciculus

Front 23

Each Fasciculus is wrapped by a layer of connective tissue termed?

Back 23

Perimysium

Front 24

The layer of connective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle is referred to as?

Back 24

Epimysium

Front 25

The contractile filaments ______ and ________ account for roughly ____% of the protein content of the myofiber?

Back 25

Myosin and Actin

-60%

Front 26

The _______ is the larger protein and is sometimes called the thick filament?

Back 26

Myosin

Front 27

Regulatory filaments are essential for triggering the contractile event. Thes regulatory filaments are _______and _______.

Back 27

-Troponin
-Tropomyosin

Front 28

How many types of muscle fibers does the human body have?

Back 28

3

Front 29

What are the types of muscle fibers?

Back 29

Type I
Type IIB
Type IIA

Front 30

This type of muscle fiber has slow-twitch properties, but have a high oxidative capacity?

Back 30

Type I

Front 31

This type of muscle fiber has fast-twitch properties with low oxidative potential?

Back 31

Type IIB

Front 32

This type of muscle fiber is considered intermediate in both twitch velocity and oxidative capacity?

Back 32

Type IIA

Front 33

The _______________ theory of muscle contraction explains how these proteins interact to produce a twitch of the muscle fiber?

Back 33

Sliding Filament Theory

Front 34

Which muscle protein contains many cross-bridges?

Back 34

Myosin

Front 35

The enzyme ATPase is located on what filament and where?

Back 35

Myosin Cross-Bridge Heads

Front 36

What is the function of ATPase?

Back 36

It cleaves ATP, resulting in the power stroke that pulls Actin toward the center of the myosin molecule. This sliding action of the Actin over the Myosin results in shortening of the fiber and the generation of force.

Front 37

After the Power Stroke phase of muscle contraction, a new ATP molecule attaches to the Myosin Cross-Bridge head causing what to happen?

Back 37

It breaks the link between Actin and Myosin allowing the whole process to begin again should it be needed.

Front 38

The ___________ is responsible for delivering cytosolic calcium back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum, thus returning the myofiber to a state of relaxation?

Back 38

The Calcium Pump

Front 39

What is the purpose of Calcium in the muscle fibers?

Back 39

It binds to Troponin, causing the associated Tropomyosin to undergo a shift and exposing the active sites on the Actin filament to be exposed to enable the Myosin heads to attach.

Front 40

How does the body expose of Carbon Dioxide?

Back 40

Exhalation

Front 41

Inhaling through the nose has what advantage?

Back 41

1. Warming the air.
2. Removing many airborne particles.

Front 42

The nasal and oral passageways meet together at the ___________?

Back 42

Pharynx

Front 43

What is considered the vocal cords?

Back 43

Larynx

Front 44

What is considered the windpipe?

Back 44

Trachea

Front 45

Describe the Pulmonary Anatomy?

Back 45

1. Enters via the nasal and/or oral airways.
2. Air than passes through the Larynx and into the Trachea.
3. Trachea bifurcates into two main Bronchi.
4. Each Bronchi enters each lung.
5. Within the lungs, the Bronchi divide to form numerous Bronchioles.
6. Alveoli lie at the end of each Bronchiole.

Front 46

____________ is where gases are exchanged between the lungs and the blood traveling through the surrounding capillaries?

Back 46

Alveoli

Front 47

What is the function of the inspiratory muscles?

Back 47

To contract during inhalation in order to expand the size (volume) of the thoracic cavity.

Front 48

Explain what the diaphragm and intercostal muscles do during inspiration?

Back 48

The Diaphragm contracts, moving downward toward the abdomen, whereas the external intercostal muscles pull the rib cage outward thus increasing the size of the thoracic cavity allowing the lungs to inflate.

Front 49

During excercise, when depth of breathing increases, the _________ muscles also contribute to expansion of the rib cage. What are the muscles contributing?

Back 49

-Accessory muscles
a. Sternocleidomastoid
b. Scalenus

Front 50

Under resting conditions, expiration is a ________ process that involves relaxation of the inspiratory muscles.

Back 50

Passive

Front 51

The pressure within the thoracic cavity increases or decreases when the inspiratory muscles relax?

Back 51

Pressure increases thus forcing air out of the lungs.

Front 52

During exercise, exhalation becomes more of an active process and requires what to force air out of the lungs?

Back 52

1. Contraction of the Abdominal muscles.
2. Contraction of the internal intercostal muscles.

Front 53

Define Minute Ventilation (Ve)

Back 53

The volume of air either inspired or expired over the course of 1 minute.

Front 54

At rest, what is the approximate Minute Ventilation?

Back 54

6 Liters per minute

Front 55

During exercise, your Minute Ventilation will increase. Explain?

Back 55

1. Two phases
a. A sharp increase in the depth of breathing occurs.
b. Rate of breathing increases.

Those two phases contribut to more air being passed in the same minute.

Front 56

During maximal intensity exercise, Minute Ventilation (Ve) can increase to what?

Back 56

20 to 25-fold higher than the standard 6 liters per minute at rest.

Front 57

Minute ventilation increases with increased exercise intensity. There are two phases: Increased depth and increased rate. Explain the increased depth phase?

Back 57

Tidal Volume: The amount of air entering or leaving the lungs in a single breath.

At rest: 0.5
Exercise: Up to 4 liters

Front 58

The minute ventilation increases with excercise intensity increase. There are two phases. Explain the second phase?

Back 58

Respiratory Rate increases.

Could increase from 12 to almost 50 breaths per minute.

Front 59

At rest, ____% of the body's energy expenditure is accounted for by breathing, and even during maximal effort exercise, the energy used to power ventilation represents only _______% of the body's energy needs?

Back 59

-3%

-5%

Front 60

In untrained individuals, anaerobic threshold occurs at approximately______% of one's Maximal Aerobic Capacity (VO2 Max)?

Back 60

55%

Front 61

The anaerobic threshold of well-trained endurance athletes occurs at a much greater exercise intensity, perhaps _______ % of their VO2 Max.

Back 61

80-85%

Front 62

The heart is composed of how many chambers?

Back 62

Four

Front 63

What are the names of the chambers.

Back 63

Right and left Atria

Right and left Ventricles

Front 64

What part of the heart receives deoxygenated blood?

Back 64

Right Atrium

Front 65

What part of the heart receives oxygenated blood?

Back 65

Left Atrium

Front 66

What part of the heart pumps the blood to the lungs?

Back 66

Right Ventricle

Front 67

What part of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body?

Back 67

Left Ventricle

Front 68

The right atrium and right ventricle are known as the _________ pumps?

Back 68

Pulmonary

Front 69

The left atrium and left ventricle are known as the _______pumps?

Back 69

Systemic

Front 70

The right side and left side of the heart are separated by a thick wall of connective tissue. What is this called?

Back 70

Septum

Front 71

What term is used to represent the contractile phase of the myocardium?

Back 71

Systole: Blood is forced out of the atria and ventricles.

Front 72

The relaxation phase between contractions of the ventricles; this phase occurs when the chambers fill with blood for the next cycle?

Back 72

Diastole

Front 73

The ___________ is the volume of blood ejected by each ventricle per contraction (heart beat) of the heart?

Back 73

Stroke Volume (SV)

Front 74

At rest, what is the average Stroke Volume?

Back 74

70ml

Front 75

Under resting conditions, HR is approximately __________ bpm.

Back 75

72 Beats Per Minute

Front 76

_____________ is the amount of blood pumped from the heart by each ventricle per minute?

Back 76

Cardiac Output

Front 77

What is the formula for Cardiac Output?

Back 77

Stroke Volume x Heart Rate

SV x HR = Cardiac Output

Front 78

Using the resting HR of _________ bpm times the resting stroke volume of _______ ml. Cardiac Output for someone at rest equals/

Back 78

72 bpm x 70ml SV = 5L/Min

Front 79

__________ is the amount of blood in each ventricle at the end of the resting phase (diastole) of the cardiac cycle?

Back 79

End-Diastolic Volume (EDV)

Front 80

Describe the Frank-Starling Law?

Back 80

EDV will significantly affect SV, because the greater the volume of blood in the ventricle, the greater the stretch imparted on the myocardium. As stretch increases, so does contractile force, both by elastic recoil of the muscle and by optimizing the length of the fibers composing the myocardium.

Front 81

At rest, the EDV would be approximately?

Back 81

125ml

Front 82

The ______________ is the volume of blood remaining in the ventricles following contraction.

Back 82

End-Systolic Volume (ESV)

Front 83

At rest, ESV equals approximately?

Back 83

55ml

Front 84

The ______________ is the percentage of blood in the ventricle during diastole that is actually pumped out during systole?

Back 84

Ejection Fraction

Front 85

What is the formula for Ejection Fraction?

Back 85

Ejection Fraction = SV/EDV

Front 86

Under resting conditions, the Ejection Fraction is roughly_______%?

Back 86

56 to 67%

Front 87

During exercise, the Cardiac Output will increase and could reach approximately _________ Liters/Minute?

Back 87

25 to 30 Liters/Minute compared to at rest: 5 Liters/Minute

Front 88

Explain how the Cardiac Output will increase during exercise?

Back 88

-Heart Rate increases
-Stroke Volume increases

Front 89

To what extent does the Stroke Volume increase during exercise?

Back 89

-Approximately 50% of the VO2 max (Aerobic Capacity) before it levels off.

Front 90

After SV levels off during exercise, further elevations of Cardiac Output are accounted for by what?

Back 90

Increased Heart Rate

Front 91

If the blood demand for working muscles is increased, so must the return of blood be increased. What does this do to the EDV?

Back 91

Increase it to approximately 160ml compared to that at rest of 125ml.

Front 92

Why is it important to know the relationship between EDV and SV during exercise?

Back 92

Because the increased amount of blood filling the ventricles ables the SV to increase.

The increase could be as much as 100ml versus at rest of 70ml.

Front 93

During exercise, not only does the Cardiac Output increase because increased HR, SV, and EDV, but __________ also increases.

Back 93

-Ejection Fraction

-Could increase from 56% at rest to as high as 70%.

Front 94

During exercise, Cardiac output increases by the following adaptations of the heart? Note: There are 4 adaptations!

Back 94

1. Stroke Volume
2. Heart Rate
3. End-Diastolic Volume
4. Ejection Fraction

Front 95

True or False: Chronic aerobic training has little or no impact on maximal Heart Rate.

Back 95

True

Front 96

True or False: Resting Heart Rate decreases with a prolonged exercise program?

Back 96

True

Front 97

Why does the resting heart rate decrease with prolonged exercise programs?

Back 97

Stroke Volume increases to counter the reduction in Heart Rate. At rest, SV may increase to 85ml.

Front 98

During high-intensity exercise, SV of aerobically trained athletes may increase to ________, contributing to the elevated maximal cardiac output of ___________.

Back 98

-170ml

-35-40 L/min

Front 99

Why are athletes able to train at lower heart rates than those who do not workout?

Back 99

Higher Stroke Volumes with less beats.

Front 100

True or False: During normal upright posture, gravity affects the return of blood to the heart.

Back 100

True

Front 101

In the supine and/or prone position, the return of blood from the legs is more efficient. As a result of this, SV during swimming is ________ than any other form of exercise?

Back 101

Greater

Front 102

Why is it important to understand the postural changes in Heart rate and Stroke volume?

Back 102

-Monitoring exercise intensity may be difficult because their heart rates will be lower.

Front 103

What is the largest artery in the body?

Back 103

Aorta

Front 104

Why is the highest pressure in the arteries?

Back 104

Closest to the heart.

Front 105

Arteries branch off to smaller vessels named?

Back 105

Arterioles

Front 106

Arterioles branch off to even smaller vessels named?

Back 106

Capillaries

Front 107

Blood flow back to the heart starts at what vessel?

Back 107

Venules

Front 108

Venules branch into larger vessels termed?

Back 108

Veins

Front 109

To meet the demands for blood that occurs in exercising muscles, arterioles________.

Back 109

Vasodilate

Front 110

However, to satisfy working muscle, blood flow to other tissues, especially the viscera, is ____________ as a result of ____________ within areterioles.

Back 110

-Reduced

-Vasoconstriction

Front 111

As blood is pumped from the heart, the resistance imposed by the vessels to its flow is termed________________?

Back 111

Afterload

Front 112

The amount of blood in the ventricle immediately before contraction is termed?

Back 112

Preload

Front 113

What affect could an enhanced preload have on the stroke volume? Note: Preload is defined as the amount of blood in the ventricle immediately before contraction.

Back 113

Increased Stroke Volume

Front 114

What affect could an enhanced afterload have on the stroke volume?

Back 114

Decreased Stroke Volume

Front 115

The afterload is directly related to the __________ of the arterial system?

Back 115

Compliance

Front 116

Explain compliance of the arterial system?

Back 116

The greater the compliance, the more easily the arterial walls can be stretched to accommodate the surge of blood during systole, allowing for greater SV.

Front 117

True or False: Arterial compliance and a healthy arterial system can be used synomonous?

Back 117

True

Front 118

List one condition that can decrease arterial compliance?

Back 118

-Atherosclerosis

Front 119

The ___________ is the pressure exerted on arterial walls during contraction of the left ventricle.

Back 119

Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP)

Front 120

What is the SBP in a healthy adult?

Back 120

120 mm Hg.

Front 121

Systolic Blood pressure of___________ mm Hg is indicative of hypertention?

Back 121

140 mm Hg.

Front 122

The ____________ is the pressure exerted on the arterial walls during the resting phase between ventricular beats.

Back 122

Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP)

Front 123

In healthy adults, the resting DBP should be?

Back 123

80 mm Hg.

Front 124

___________ mm Hg. DBP is indicative of hypertension?

Back 124

90 mm Hg.

Front 125

What is the term used for the difference between SBP and DBP?

Back 125

Pulse Pressure

Front 126

In healthy adults, the resting pulse pressure should be?

Back 126

40 mm Hg.

Front 127

The ____________ is the average pressure exerted throughout the entire cardiac cycle, and if reflects the average force driving blood into the tissue?

Back 127

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)

Front 128

In a healthy resting person, MAP should be approximately?

Back 128

93 mm Hg.

Front 129

The _____________, also called the Double Product, is a rough correlate of the myocardial oxygen uptake and, thus, of the workload of the left ventricle.

Back 129

Rate-Pressure Product (RPP)

Front 130

What is the formula for RPP?

Back 130

RPP= SBP X HR

Front 131

The vascular system undergoes two major modifications during exercise. What are they?

Back 131

1. Shunting
2. Vasodilation

Front 132

Describe shunting of blood during exercise?

Back 132

Blood is shunted away from the visceral organs to better serve the working muscles during exercise.

Front 133

Shunting has a dramatic effect on the distribution of blood. For example, at rest, only approximately _________ % of cardiac output is directed toward muscle, but during high-intensity exercise, as much as ________% of the blood ejected from the heart may be delivered to skeletal muscles.

Back 133

-20%

-85%

Front 134

The vascular system undergoes two major modifications during exercise. The first is the redistribution of blood flow. What is the second?

Back 134

Vasodilation: This decreases peripheral resistance hence increases the pumping capacity of the heart.

Front 135

During maximal effort rhythmic exercise, systolic blood pressure may exceed _________mg Hg.

Back 135

200

Front 136

During sustained submaximal exercise, systolic blood pressure is generally maintained at _________ to ________mm Hg.

Back 136

140-160

Front 137

What happens to the DBP during exercise?

Back 137

Usually remains the same or decreases slightly.

Front 138

What is the criteria for using the SBP and/or DBP to terminate exercise testing?

Back 138

1. Drop of SBP greater than 10mm Hg.
2. Increase in DBP greater than 115 mm Hg.
3. A SBP greater than 250 mm Hg.

Front 139

A prolonged endurance training program results in several beneficial vascular adaptations. What effect does it have on the SBP and DBP?

Back 139

Under resting conditions, trained individuals display a reduced SBP, DBP, and MAP.

Front 140

True or False: At any given submaximal intensity, upper body endurance exercise (arm cranking) elicits higher SBP and DBP than those values evident during more conventional endurance exercise?

Back 140

True

Front 141

Why does arm cranking or any other type of upper body endurance training increase the SBP and DBP?

Back 141

-Smaller muscle group

-Greater resistance to blood flow.

Front 142

Resistance exercise elevates blood pressure. Why?

Back 142

-Contracting muscles impede blood flow through the muscle, thus elevating peripheral resistance.

Front 143

Systolic Blood pressures greater than _______ mm Hg. have been recorded during maximal intensity isometric contractions?

Back 143

450

Front 144

Blood accounts for __% of a person's body weight?

Back 144

8%

Front 145

The plasma constitutes approximately __% of the blood's volume in men and __% in women.

Back 145

-55

-58

Front 146

The main component of plasma is water. What percentage?

Back 146

90-93%

Front 147

What is the most abundant of all blood cells? They account for what percentage of the blood cells?

Back 147

Erythrocytes (99%)

Front 148

____________ is the percentage of blood volume that is composed of erythrocytes?

Back 148

Hematocrit

Front 149

Normal hematocrit values:
Men?
Women?

Back 149

Men: 40-50%
Women: 35-45%

Front 150

The most obvious acute effect of exercise is to induce__________?

Back 150

Hyperemia: volume of blood delivered to the working muscles.

Front 151

Describe Cardiovascular Drift?

Back 151

The movement of plasma out of the blood vessels and into the surrounding tissues. This serves to prevent overheating of the body by having more water available for sweating.

Front 152

Long term effects of training:
The production of _____________ significantly increases, leading to a greater oxygen-carrying capacity.

Back 152

Erythrocytes

Front 153

Long term effects of training: __________ volume increases to an even greater extent, and as a result, relative measures of hemoglobin and hematocrit are actually decreases?

Back 153

Plasma volume

Front 154

Describe runner's anemia?

Back 154

The increase of plasma volume in well conditioned athletes, decreases the concentration of hemoglobin and hematocrit.

Front 155

What are the positive benefits of an increases plasma volume? There are 4 distinct advantages?

Back 155

1. Higher SV and lower HR at rest.
2. Cardiovascular Drift: better thermoregulation.
3. Since the SV is higher and the HR can be lower, most condtioned athletes can perform at a higher level with less beats of the heart.
4. Maximal SV and Cardiac Output are also more impressive, in large part because of their greater plasma volumes.