Exercise Physiology Exam Ii Part I

Front 1

Major Cardiovascular Functions

Back 1

- delivery
- removal
- transportation
- maintenance
- prevention

Front 2

Thickness of Myocardium in the Heart

Back 2

- thickness varies directly with stress placed on chamber walls
- left ventricle is the largest, pumps the most blood
- vigorous exercise can increase ventricle size

Front 3

Name the Disks that Help with Impulse Transportation

Back 3

intercalated disks - allow muscles to contract as one

Front 4

Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Activity in the Heart

Back 4

Parasympathetic - comes in through the vagus nerve - decreases HR
Sympathetic - stimulated by stress - increases HR

Front 5

Role of Epinephrine & Norepinephrine

Back 5

released due to sympathetic stimulation - increases HR

Front 6

Normal Resting Heart Rates in Adults

Back 6

60-85 beats per minute
HR can decrease to 35 beats per minute with endurance training

Front 7

Cardiac Cycle Components: Diastolic/Systolic

Back 7

- events that occur between to consecutive heart beats
- Diastole - relaxation when chambers fill with blood
- Systole - contraction when chambers expel blood

Front 8

Stroke Volume

Back 8

volume of blood in ventricle before contraction per beat
SV = EDV - ESV

Front 9

End-diastolic Volume & End-systolic Volume

Back 9

End-diastolic - volume of blood in ventricle before contraction
End-systolic - volume of blood in ventricle after contraction

Front 10

Cardiac Output

Back 10

total volume of blood pumped by ventricle per minute
Q = HR x SV

Front 11

Ejection Fraction

Back 11

proportion of blood pumped out of the left ventricle each beat
EF = (SV/EDV) x 100%
Averages at 60% at rest

Front 12

How Much Cardiac Output is Pumped Out in 1 Minute?

Back 12

5 L/min

Front 13

Vascular System: Arteries/Veins/Capillaries?

Back 13

- arteries/arterioles - carry oxygenated blood away from the heart with help of breathing
- veins/venules - carry deoxygenated blood to the heart
- capillaries

Front 14

The Muscle Pump

Back 14

- muscle contraction helps with venous control
- use of valves to close to prevent back flow of blood
- varicose veins - rupturing of valves

Front 15

Autoregulation

Back 15

arterioles within organs or tissues dilate in response to the local chemical environment

Front 16

Extrinsic Neural Control

Back 16

sympathetic nerves within walls of vessels are stimulated causing vessels to constrict

Front 17

Where is Most of the Blood at Rest Stored?

Back 17

64% of blood is in the veins

Front 18

Systolic & Diastolic Definitions

Back 18

systolic - highest blood pressure
diastolic - lowest blood pressure
vessel constriction increases blood pressure

Front 19

Function of Blood

Back 19

- transports gas, nutrients, and waste
- regulates temperature
- buffers and balances acid base

Front 20

Composition of Total Blood Volume

Back 20

55% plasma = 90% H2O
45% formed elements = 99% RBC

Front 21

Blood Viscosity

Back 21

- thickness of blood
- more viscous,more resistant to flow
- higher hematocrits result in higher blood viscosity

Front 22

Sinoatrial Node & Atrioventricular Node

Back 22

SA - origin of the electrical impulse
AV - conducts signal from artium to ventricles

Front 23

ECG:
- P wave
- QRS
- T wave

Back 23

P - atrial depolarization
QRS - ventricle depolarization
T - ventricle reploarization

Front 24

Resting Heart Rate Average/Range
- Effects from age/altitude/temperature

Back 24

Average = 60 to 80 beats per minute
Range = 28 to >100 beats per minute
Decreases with age, increases with temperature, increases with altitude

Front 25

Determining HRmax

Back 25

HRmax = 220 - age in years

Front 26

HR/SV/Cardiac Output and Intensity

Back 26

increase in intensity:
increase HR x increase SV = increase Q

Front 27

Steady-State HR

Back 27

when the rate of work is held constant at a submaximal intensity, HR increases fairly rapidly until it plateaus

Front 28

The Level of Steady-State HR that Physically Fit People Have

Back 28

lower steady-state HR = better efficiency

Front 29

Stroke Volume Plateau Level

Back 29

40-60%

Front 30

Stroke Volume in Relation to Position

Back 30

- untrained: in up right, it increases from 60-70 ml/beats at rest to 110-130 ml/beats during exercise
- trained: in up right, increases from 80-110 ml/beats to 160-200 ml/beats
- supine only increases by 20-40%
- more SV in supine then in up right
*SV in supine is higher in resting (due to absent gravitational forces on blood) but up right has a higher increase in volume

Front 31

Stroke Volume in Relation to Exercise and the Differences Among Trained/Untrained

Back 31

- stroke volume increases with increasing intensity
- trained have higher stroke volume levels than untrained because they are more efficient at loading/unloading blood because their heart is "bigger"

Front 32

Frank Starling Mechanism

Back 32

more blood is pumped into the ventricle causing it to stretch and have more surface area to increase force production via contraction

Front 33

Resting Value of Cardiac Output

Back 33

5 L/min

Front 34

How Much Does Cardiac Output Increase with Exercise?

Back 34

increases from 20-40 L/min and varies with body size and endurance conditioning

Front 35

What is the Primary Cause of an Increase in Cardiac Output Once it Reaches 40-60% VO2max?

Back 35

SV plateaus at 40-60% so most of the increase is due to an increase in HR as intensity rises

Front 36

Cardiac Output for Sedentary and Active Person

Back 36

Sedentary: 20
Active: 40

Front 37

Redistribution of Blood Flow:
1. during increased activities
2. during increased temperatures
3. mechanism for redistribution

Back 37

1. increasing activity causes the muscles to require more oxygen so blood is redirected to skeletal muscle
2. blood flow is redistributed to skin to help with cooling
3. autoregulation helps with vasodilation and ease of blood flow traveling through vessels

Front 38

Cardiovascular Exercises and BP: Changes Among Systolic & Diastolic

Back 38

- systolic increases with intensity
- diastolic changes little

Front 39

Resistance Exercises and BP

Back 39

- exaggerated response: 480/350 mm Hg
- partially due to Valsalva Maneuver

Front 40

BP and Extremity Responses

Back 40

upper extremities have a more advanced response to exercise and increase at a higher rate

Front 41

Arterial-Venous Oxygen Difference & Define Fick's Equation

Back 41

- amount of oxygen extracted from the blood as it travels through the body
- calculated as the difference between the oxygen content of the arterial blood and venous blood
- Fick's equation: VO2 = (SV x HR) x avo2

Front 42

Effects of Exercise on AVO2: arteries & veins

Back 42

- arterial content changes little from rest to max
- venous content decreases because of increased need for oxygen due to intensity levels

Front 43

Effects of Exercise on Blood Plasma Volume

Back 43

- reduced with onset of exercise considering it leaks into interstitial fluid
- sweating causes even more to be lost
- excessive loss can impair performance
- hemoconcentration that can increase oxygen carrying capacity due to RBC

Front 44

Prevalence of Exercise Induced Asthma (EIA)

Back 44

12-15% of athletes
12% of the general population
90% of asthmatics
40% of children with allergic rhinitis

Front 45

Factors Precipitating EIA

Back 45

- cold/dry environments
- nasal obstruction
- hyperventilation
- long, continuous exercise
- short term high intensity exercise
- allergens
- air pollution
- ingestion of certain foods
- volatile chlorination

Front 46

Physiological Characteristics (cellular) of EIA

Back 46

- hyperosmolarity and mast cell infiltration
- increased adrenergic B2-receptor
- stimulation of irritant receptors

Front 47

Chemical Response During Exercise on EIA

Back 47

- normally, catecholamines produce relaxation of bronchial muscle
- in EIA, bronchodilation is followed by bronchoconstriction within the first 10 minutes

Front 48

Recovery After EIA Attack

Back 48

- usually occurs between 30-90 minutes
- sometimes occurs 3-6 hours later

Front 49

Symptoms of EIA

Back 49

- chest tightness
- dry cough
- wheezing
- difficulty breathing
- dyspnea
- indentation in the notch below Adam's Apple
- hunched over posture
- excessive mucous
- fatigue
- nausea
- lightheadedness

Front 50

Management of EIA: - Medications 15 Minutes Before

Back 50

- albuterol
- cromolyn sodium
- corticosteriods
- ipratropium

Front 51

Management of EIA: Medications 1 hr Before Orally

Back 51

- beta2-agonists
- antihistamines
- theophylline
- corticosteroids

Front 52

Management of EIA: Nonpharmalogical

Back 52

- warm-up and cool down
- training/conditioning
- breathing warm, moist air
- change environment
- type/intensity of exercise
- breathing exercises
- rest periods

Front 53

Pulmonary Function in relation to FEV

Back 53

- FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 sec = 85%
- FEV3: forced expiratory volume in 3 sec = 98%
- FEV1 is less then 70% in obstructive lung disease

Front 54

Diagnosis of EIA

Back 54

- submaximal exercise test (10-15 mins)
- FEV1 > 15% reduction
- PEFR > 15-20% reduction
*These are representative of Asthmatic attack

Front 55

Definition of Respiration, External Respiration, Internal Respiration

Back 55

R - delivery of oxygen to an removal of carbon dioxide from the tissue
ER - ventilation and exchange of gases in the lung
IR - exchange of gases at the tissue level (between blood and tissues)

Front 56

External Respiration: Pulmonary Ventilation & Pulmonary Diffusion

Back 56

Ventilation: movement of air into and out of lungs - inspiration & expiration
Diffusion: exchange of carbon dioxide between lungs and blood

Front 57

Pulmonary Diffusion: Gas exchange occurs at the _____

Back 57

alveoli

Front 58

Inspiration & Expiration

Back 58

Inspiration - active process where the pleural cavity/diaphragm expand to allow more volume available in the lung for air to enter
Expiration - the pleural cavity/diaphragm decrease lung volume which increases intrapleural pressure and forces air out passively

Front 59

Dalton's Law

Back 59

the total pressure of a mixture of gases equals the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases in the mixture

Front 60

Henry's Law

Back 60

gases dissolve in liquids in proportion to their partial pressures, depending on their solubilities in the specific fluids and depending on the temperatures (CO2 is 2x more then O2)

Front 61

Values of Standard Atmospheric Pressure, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide

Back 61

Standard: 760 mmHg
Nitrogen: 79.04%
Oxygen: 20.93%
Carbon Dioxide: .03%

Front 62

Values of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in the Alveoli

Back 62

Oxygen: 14.5% = 100 mmHg
Carbon Dioxide: 5.5% = 40 mmHg

Front 63

Mechanism of Gas Exchange

Back 63

Partial pressure of gases in the alveoli and in the blood creates a pressure gradiant

Front 64

PO2 and PCO2 of Blood and the Distribution Values

Back 64

ALVEOLI: PO2 = 100/PCO2 = 40
ARTERIAL: PO2 = 100/PCO2 = 40
MUSCLE/VEINS: PO2 = 40/PCO2 = 46
*Pressure gradient is formed that allows exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

Front 65

What are the 2 Elements that Don't Diffuse into the Blood?

Back 65

- nitrogen
- H2O
*only diffuse when you are below sea level

Front 66

Pulmonary Diffusion: the ______ the gradient, the more rapid the diffusion.

Back 66

greater
*diffusion increases as you move from rest to exercise
*remember CO2 is 20x more soluble then O2

Front 67

Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve

Back 67

- as you increase PO2, you increase hemoglobin saturation
- PO2 at 40 mm Hg is representative of the veins at rest which only allows 5 mL of O2 to be distributed
- PO2 at 100 mm Hg is representative of arterial pressure which means 0 mL of O2 has been distributed (it hasn't reached the tissues yet)

Front 68

Oxygen-Hemoglobin DIssociation Curve in Relation to pH and Temperature

Back 68

pH: increase in pH, strengthens the bond and decreases unloading/decrease in pH, weakens the bond and increases unloading
Temperature: increase in temperature, weakens the bond and increases unloading/decrease in temperature, strengthens the bond and decreases unloading

Front 69

3 Ways Carbon Dioxide is Transported in the Blood

Back 69

- dissolved in blood plasma (10%)
- bound to hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin (20%)
- converted to bicarbonate ions (70%)

Front 70

Formula for Formation of Bicarbonate

Back 70

CO2 + H2O =(broken down by carbonic anhydrase)= H2CO3/carbonic acid= H + HCO3

Front 71

When Does the Reversal of the Formula for Bicarbonate Production Happen?

Back 71

happens when respiration occurs and CO2 production happens
H2CO3 = CO2 + H2O

Front 72

1 mL of Hb carries ______ molecules of O2.

Back 72

4

Front 73

Normal Levels of Hb in Men & Women

Back 73

Men: 14-16 g
Women: 12-14 g

Front 74

Normal Levels of Oxygen in Arterial Blood in Men & Women

Back 74

Men: 20 mL of O2 per 100 mL
Women: 16 mL of O2 per 100 mL

Front 75

Effects of Low Iron Levels on Hemoglobin

Back 75

results in iron-deficiency anemia which reduces the carrying capacity to transport oxygen (more common in women then men)

Front 76

A-VO2 Difference Distribution Across Muscle During Rest & Exercise

Back 76

Rest: starts off with 20 mL O2 in the arteries and drops to 15-16 mL in the veins
Exercise: starts off with 20 mL in arteries to 5 mL in the veins

Front 77

A-VO2 Difference During Strenuous Exercise: Increased or Decreased?

Back 77

increased because the muscles use more oxygen when they are exercised

Front 78

Factors of Oxygen Uptake and Delivery

Back 78

- oxygen amount
- amount of blood flow, capillary size, and density redistribution blood flow
- local conditions within the muscle: aerobic enzymes, myoglobin, mitochondria (temp/pH)

Front 79

Hemoglobin Saturation Decreases Based on 3 Factors:

Back 79

- decreasing PO2
- decreasing pH
- increasing temperature

Front 80

Hemoglobin is _______ saturated with oxygen.

Back 80

98%

Front 81

Oxygen is mainly transported via ______ with small amounts dissolving in the _______.

Back 81

hemoglobin/plasma

Front 82

Carbon Dioxide is mainly transported via ______ with small amounts dissolving in the ________ or transported by _______.

Back 82

bicarbonate/plasma/hemoglobin

Front 83

A-VO2 Difference reflects________.

Back 83

the amount of oxygen taken up by the tissues

Front 84

External Inspiration & Internal Inspiration

Back 84

External: involves moving gases from outside of the body into the lungs and blood
Internal: involves moving gases from the blood to the tissue/muscle

Front 85

Factors that Control Respiratory Regulation

Back 85

- central/peripheral chemoreceptors (PO2, PCOx, pH - increasing levels of CO2 cause increased ventilation)
- external intercostals and diaphragm muscles that increase lung volume for inspiration
- lung stretch receptors for expiration

Front 86

Central Control Center for Respiratory Regulation

Back 86

- pons
- medulla oblongata
- cerebral cortex

Front 87

VE Formula

Back 87

VE = TV x f

Front 88

VA Formula

Back 88

VA = (TV - DS) x f

Front 89

Residual Volume

Back 89

amount of gas left in the lungs after a maximal expiration
*COPD pts can't get out as much air and takes longer to get air out

Front 90

Total Lung Capacity

Back 90

amount of gas in the lungs at the end of a maximal inspiration

Front 91

Tidal Volume

Back 91

the volume of gas inspired or expired during an unforced respiratory cycle

Front 92

Ventilatory Response to Exercise

Back 92

- as you increase exercise, you increase ventilation
- ventilation does not limit exercise
- O2 delivery to the tissue is what limits exercise!

Front 93

Definitions of Dyspnea & Hyperventilation

Back 93

D: shortness of breath (increase in H & CO2)
H: increase in ventilation that exceeds metabolic demand similar to voluntary hyperventilation before swimming to blow off CO2 which decreases PCO2 and pH levels

Front 94

Respiratory Limitations to Performance

Back 94

- respiratory muscles using up to 15% of oxygen
- pulmonary ventilation in not a limiting factor
- airway resistance and gas diffusion is not a limit factor

Front 95

Response to Increases in Acid in Relation to Respiration

Back 95

- excess H+ impairs muscular performance
- increased H+ levels, increase ventilation to blow off CO2
- Bicarbonate ions buffer the increased acidity

Front 96

Recovery and Blood Lactate Levels

Back 96

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