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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what does airflow depend on? |
-pressure difference between 2 ends of airway -resistance of airways |
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what does airflow equal? (equation) |
P1-P2/resistance |
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what does airway resistance depend on? |
diameter |
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what are some airway resistance diseases? |
COPD asthma exercise induced asthma |
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what is pulmonary ventilation? |
the amount of air moved in or out of the lungs per minute (V) |
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what is the tidal volume? |
amount of air moved per breath |
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what is breathing frequency? |
number of breaths per minute |
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what does V equal? |
V= VT x f |
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what is alveolar ventilation? (VA) |
volume of air that reaches respiratory zone for gas exchange |
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what is dead-space ventilation? (VD) |
volume of air remaining in conducting airways- left over, unused |
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what is perfusion? |
act of pouring over or through, especially the passage of a fluid thru the vessels of a specific organ (the blood that reaches the alveoli) |
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what is the vital capacity? |
max amount of gas that can be expired after a max inspiration (VC) |
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what is residual volume? |
volume of gas remaining in lungs after max expiration (RV) |
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what is Total Lung Capacity? |
amount of gas in the lungs after a max inspiration (TLC) |
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what is spirometry? what is it helpful for? |
measurement of pulmonary volumes and rate of expired airflow useful for diagnosing lung diseases (COPD) |
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what is a spirometric test?
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this tests the vital capacity (max volume of air that can be expired after max inspiration) and the force expiratory volume (volume of air expired in 1 second during maximal expiration) -FEV1/VC ratio - greater than 80% is normal |
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how much O2 CO2 and N2 are in the air? how to calculate? |
O-20.93% CO2-0.03% N-79.04% turn to fraction and multiply by 760mmHg and add together to get 760 |
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what is fick's law of diffusion? |
the rate of gas transfer is proportional to the tissue area, the diffusion coefficient of the gas, and the difference in the partial pressure of the gas on the two sides of the tissue and inversely proportional to the thickness |
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what are the variables in Fick's law of diffusion? |
V gas- rate of diffusing A- tissue area T- tissue thickness D- diffuses coefficient of gas P1-P2- difference in partial pressure Vgas=A/T x D x (P1-P2) |
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regarding blood flow to the lungs, what about the pulmonary circuit? |
-same rate of flow as systemic circuit -lower pressure -when standing, most of blood is to the base of the lung (due to gravity) |
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regarding blood flow to the lungs, what about during exercise? |
more blood flow to the apex |
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what is the ventilation/perfusion relationship? what about Apex of lung? what about base of the lung? what happens during exercise? |
-indicates matching of blood flow to ventilation -ideal ~1.0 Apex- underperfused <1.0 Base- over perfused >1.0 exercise- light exercise improves V/Q ratio -heavy exercise results is V/Q inequality |
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how much transported O2 is bound to hemoglobin (Hb)? |
99% |
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what is oxyhemoglobin? deoxyhemoglobin? |
oxygen- Hb bound to O2 deoxy- Hb not bound to O2 |
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amount of O2 that can be transported per unit volume of blood is dependent on? |
the Hb concentration |
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Each gram of Hb can transport how much O2? |
1.34ml of O2 -this is a constant |
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what is the oxygen content of blood for males and females? |
males: 150g Hb/L x 1.34ml O2/g Hb= 200ml O2/L blood Females: 130g Hb/L blood x 1.34ml O2/g Hb = 174ml O2/L blood |
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concerning the Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve, what does the direction of the reaction depend on? |
-PO2 of the blood -affinity between Hb and O2 |
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regarding PO2, what about the lung? Regarding Po2, what about the tissues? |
High PO2= formation of oxyhemoglobin Low PO2= release of O2 to tissues (unloading) |
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what effect does pH have on the O2-Hb dissociation curve? |
-decreased pH lowers Hb-O2 affinity -results in a "rightward" shift of the curve |
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what effect does Temp have on the O2-Hb dissociation curve? |
-increased blood temp lowers Hb-O2 affinity (favors unloading) -results in a "rightward" shift of the curve |
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what effect does 2-3 DPG have on the O2 dissociation curve? |
-byproduct of RBC glycolysis -may result in a rightward shift of the curve -during altitude exposure -not a major cause of rightward shift during exercise |
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what about the O2 transport in muscles? |
-myoglobin shuttles O2 from the cell membrane to the mitochondria Mb has a higher affinity for O2 than hemoglobin -even at low PO2 -allows Mb to store O2 -O2 reserve for muscle -Hb is outside of the cell |
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what about the Co2 transport in the blood? |
dissolved in plasma: 10% Bound to Hb: 20% Bicarbonate: 70% (buffering) (baking soda) |
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KNOW THE CHEMICAL EQUATION ON PG 12 |
PAGE 12 |
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what happens to co2 at the tissue? |
-H binds to Hb -HCO diffuses out of RBC into plasma -Cl diffuses into RBC (choloric shift) if no shift, cell becomes unstable |
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what happens to CO2 at the lung? |
O2 binds to Hb (diffuse off H) -reactions reverse to release CO2 + H2O |
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what does pulmonary ventilation do? |
removes H from blood by HCO reaction |
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what does increased ventilation result in? |
CO2 exhalation -reduces PCO and H concentration (pH increase) back toward 7.4 pH |
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what does decreased ventilation result in? |
build up of CO2 -increases PCO and H concentration (pH decreases) |
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what happens at the onset of constant-load sub maximal exercise? |
initially, ventilation increases rapidly (rate increase) (depth slight decrease) then, a slower rise toward steady state, depth increases and rate decreases - PO2 and PCO2 are relatively unchanged -slight decrease in PO2 and increase in PCO2 |
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during prolonged submit exercise in a hot/humid environment: |
ventilation tends to drift upward (not immediate increase) -increased blood temperature affects respiratory control center -little change in PCO2 -higher ventilation not due to increased PCO2 (or H ion) |
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what is ventilation like in an untrained subject? |
-linear increase up to ~50-75% of VO2 max -exponential increase beyond this point -know the ventilation threshold--inflection point where V increases exponentially |
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what is PO2 like in an untrained subject? |
maintained within 10-12 mmHg of resting value |
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what is ventilation like during incremental exercise in an elite athlete? |
Tvent occurs at higher VO2 max (greater than 75%) |
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what is PO2 like during incremental exercise in an elite athlete? |
-decreases of 30-40 mmHg (10mmHg) at near maximal work -hypoxemia (low O2) this is due to ventilation/perfusion mix match -short RBC transmit time in pulmonary capillary - due to high cardiac output |
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what are humoral chemoreceptors? |
central chemoreceptors -located in the medulla -PCO2 and H concentration in cerebrospinal fluid peripheral chemoreceptors -aortic and carotid bodies -detects PO2, PCO2, H, K in blood |
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what is neural input? |
from motor cortex and skeletal muscle mechanoreceptors (increase in movement results in increase in stimulation of respiration) |
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concerning ventilatory control during exercise, what about sub maximal exercise? |
primary drive: higher brain centers (central command) "fine tuned" by: humoral chemoreceptors and neural feedback from muscle |
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concerning ventilatory control during exercise, what about heavy exercise? |
-alinear curve rise in V(E) -increasing blood H (from lactic acid) stimulates carotid bodies -also K, body temp, and blood catecholamines may contribute |
