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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is metabolism? |
sum of all chemical processes in the body |
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what are anabolic reactions? |
building up, synthesizing of molecules |
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what are catabolic reactions? |
breaking down of molecules |
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what are bioenergetics? |
both catabolic and anabolic |
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what are endergonic reactions? |
require energy to be added, endothermic energy in |
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what are exergonic reactions? |
release energy exothermic energy out |
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what are coupled reactions? |
liberation of energy in an exergonic reaction drives an endergonic reaction exo --> endo |
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what is oxidation? |
remove or lose an electron exothermic oxidation and reduction are always coupled reactions |
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what is reduction? |
add an electron endothermic oxidation and reduction are always coupled reactions |
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what do oxidation and reduction reactions often involve? |
the transfer of an H atoms rather than free electrons |
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does adding more H atoms make something become more acidic or basic? |
increases acidity, thus lowering the pH |
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what about NAD? |
Niacin oxidized form: NAH reduced form: NADH(+H) can also add the H plays important role in transfer of electrons to make ATP too much is toxic |
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what about FAD? |
Riboflavin oxidized form: FAD reduced form:FADH_2 plays important role in transfer of electrons to make ATP too much is toxic |
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what are enzymes? |
catalysts that regulate the speed of reactions -lower energy of activation -makes reaction easier |
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what factors regulate enzyme activity ? |
-temp -pH w/ exercise temp goes up and pH goes down, thus disrupting homeostasis and steady state. -interact with specific substrates, lock and key model - they are very specific, doesn't work for just anything. -lactic acid produced during exercise |
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how do you classify enzymes? |
almost all end in -ase |
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what are some of the enzymes? |
-kinases: transfer phosphate groups -dehydrogenase: removes hydrogen atoms -oxidases: catalyze oxidation-reduction reaction involving oxygen (reduces energy needed in rxn's involved w/ o2 transfer -isomerases: rearrangement of the structure of molecules |
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at what body temperature do proteins start to denature? |
normal is 37 cel 40 they start to denature |
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what about Carbs? |
-usable form of substrate is glucose -glycogen is the storage form of glucose -stored in liver (mostly) and muscles -synthesized by the enzyme glycogen synthase glycogenolysis is the breakdown of glycogen to glucose -animals will eat the liver for this energy |
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what about fats? |
-usable form of substrate is fatty acid - fatty acid can be turned into energy - primary type of fat used by the muscle - triglycerides are storage form of fat in muscle and adipose tissue - breaks down into glycerol and fatty acids via lipolysis -another fat is phospholipid-- not used as energy source lastly, you have steroids- derived from cholesterol, needed to synthesize sex hormones |
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what about proteins? |
-composed of amino acids (usable form) - some can be covered to glucose in the liver - this is called gluconeogenesis -others can be converted to metabolic intermediates (steps in between the krebs cycle) - contribute as fuel in muscle (only 6-10% @max exercise, though) -not a primary energy source during exercise |
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what is ATP? |
consists of adenine, ribose, and three linked phosphates synthesis= ADP + Pi --->ATP breaking off of third phosphate group equals energy. our bodies break off the last Pi for efficiencies sake |
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what is an overview of glycolysis? |
glucose is the starting substrate and ends with 2 pyruvate acid or 2 lactic acid molecules -if o2 is available then 2 pyruvate -if o2 is not available then 2 lactic acid -there is an energy investment phase which requires 2 ATP -there is an an energy generation phase which produces 4 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate (or 2 lactate) -Net reduction is 2 ATP |
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what are the enzymes used during the energy investment phase of glycolysis? |
HIP H- Hexokinase I- Isomerase P- Phosphofructo Kinase |
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what is the investment process of glycolysis look like? |
glucose(C_6)- invest ATP- turns ADP Hexokinase adds phosphate group to 6 carbon molecule Glucose-6-phosphate (C_6-phosphate) Isomerase changes the structure of molecule to Fructose-6-phosphate (C_6-P)-invest ATP-Turns ADP -phosphofructo Kinase added - makes fructose 1,6-biphosphade (now 2 phosphate groups) (P-C_6-P) this phase is endothermic in nature |
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for how long is glycolysis effective? |
only for the first 2 minutes of exercise |
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What happens to the NADH's and FADH's? |
They go to the mitochondria for oxidative phosphorylation-aerobic. (electron Transport Chain) -they also convert pyruvate acid to lactic acid -pyruvate + H = Lactic Acid (anaerobic) Niacin makes roughly 2.5 ATP Flavin makes roughly 1.5 ATP |
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what does the generation phase of glycolysis look like? |
a |
