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17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Ergogenic Aids |
Any substance or procedure believed to improve: - Physical Work Capacity - Physiological function - Athletic performance |
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Explain why it is difficult for research experiments to validate anecdotal claims |
- Environmental crossover design - placebo's + washers - Athlete's don't want to participate in these studies - Ethical perspective (Lower dosage in studies as apposed to real world) - Unreliable info from athletes as to what they are consuming - willing to do anything to win! |
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Detail the actions of anabolic steroids |
Claims: - Build muscle (anabolic) - Reduce body fat (catabolic) - Enhance repair-remodel-recover Dangers: - Cystic acne, 'roid rage', peliosis hepatitis, increase plasma lipoproteins - Males: Testicular atrophy + gynecomastia - Females: Clitoral enlargement, squaring of jaw, lowering of voice Evidence: - Bhasin S et al 1996 - Male study, 10 weeks, testing the effects of testosterone on muscle size and strength during exercise Anecodtal: Ben Johnson 1988 seoul 100m finals sub 10s time |
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Detail the actions of Pro-Hormones (Androstenedione) |
Claims: - Stimulate endogenous testosterone - Increase muscle mass - Aid healing/recovery process - Train harder Dangers: - Decrease HDL + Increase heart disease - Increase oestrogen + Increase risk of gynecomastia + pancreatic cancer Use + performance: - No effect of supplementation on basal serum testosterone + any training response in terms of muscle strength + size Evidence: - King DS 1999 - No increase in testosterone + strength - limited results due to not being weight trained Anecdotal: Matt McGwire Baseball |
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Detail the actions of Beta-2-agonists |
Claims: - Increase muscle mass (anabolic) - Reduce body fat (catabolic) Dangers: - Muscle cramps, headaches, nausea, dizziness, tremors, rapid heart beat Use + atheletic performance: - Inhaled = NO effect - Oral = Unknown Anecdotal evidence: - Large % of endurance athletes using this substance |
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Explain why out-of-competition (OOC) testing is important and substances/practices that are targeted by this testing |
- OOC testing has increased by 40-69% (1989/1990 to 2002/2003) - OOC is where anabolic steroid, insulins and other hormones are used to boost muscle growth + stature - Athletes are undetected due to half-life of substances.. prevents detection during competition |
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Detail the fundamental principle of the biological passport and explain why it has been so successful |
- Monitoring of selected biological parameters over time that will indirectly reveal the effects of doping rather than attempting to detect the substance itself - Started Dec 2009 |
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Describe the physiological adjustments to autologous blood doping |
- Withdrawing blood stimulates erythropoiesis, upon re-infusion O2 transport increased - Decrease blood O2 to kidney - Increase erythropoietin to red bone marrow - Increase RBC production (long bone+marrow) - Increase blood O2 carrying capacity - AFTER re-infusion artificial increases in Hb O2 saturation = increased endurance performance - 10% increase in Hb, 5% increase in VO2max, 34% increase in TTE (Buick Et al 1980) |
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Using Poiseulle's law explain the dangers of blood doping |
- Flow = ((P1 - P2)*Radius^4) / (Length * viscosity) - EPO = Increase viscosity - Increase viscosity makes it harder to circulate the blood around the body when resting - Athletes generally died in their sleep due to this |
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Explain how changes in the age of reticulocytes are used to detect EPO and blood doping |
- Prior EPO testing = LOTS of immature RBC due to injecting EPO - After EPO urine-tesitng = Stop seeing immature RBC and see increased mature and aged RBC - stating that people went back to blood doping because it was undetected by a urine-test |
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Describe the physiology behind caffeine's reported ergogenic effects |
Increases alertness - Inhibits adenosine receptors (adenosine = CNS depressant) - Lowers threshold for neuronal activity = MORE neural activity Increases fat catabolism - Increases catecholamine action - Increases cAMP activity - BOTH may cause an increase in lipolysis Decreases fatigue - Increases Ca++ (calcium) release from sarcoplasmic reticulum - Decreases contractile fatigue |
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Describe the physiology behind sodium bicarbonate's ergogenic effects |
Buffering/fatigue resistant capacity - Bicarb (~65%) and haemoglobin (~30%) account for majority of buffering capacity - Bicarb combines with H+ to form carbonic acid, counteracting acidifying effects of free H+ - Carbonic acid forms CO2 + H2O - CO2 is exhaled Increased performance - Increase extracellular (HCO3) +pH - creates a pH gradient between extracellular and intracellular fluid - Facilitating H+ efflux from muscle cells - Improving the glycolytic flux |
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Which sports and/or athletes would benefit from taking these ergogenic aids? |
Caffeine: - Prolonged endurance events... or possibly intense short-term exercise Sodium Bicarbonate: - Short-duration high-intensity exercise (45s - 2mins) |
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What are the dangers, risks + disadvantages of caffeine |
Dangers: - Nervous irritability, muscle twitching, psychomotor agitation, elevated HR and BP, Increased occurrence of irregular heart beats, insomnia Anecdotally linked to myocardial infarction (energy drinks) - 1hr after consumption = objective CV changes - Increase BP, platelets aggregation - Impairment of endothelial function - Short term increases in risk of CV incident |
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What are the dangers, risks + disadvantages of sodium bicarbonate |
- Diarrhea (~50% of subjects) - Abdominal Cramping - Hypernatremia - Metabolic alkalosis decreases Ve |
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Detail the dosage, timing + other administrative procedures for optimising the effect of caffeine |
Dosage: 1 - 3mg/kg Timing: 1hr prior to exercise Other administrative procedures: Oral supplementation - Tablet form, liquid form (coffee, soft drinks and tea) |
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Detail the dosage, timing + other administrative procedures for optimising the effect of sodium bicarbonate |
Dosage: ~0.3g/kg Timing: 1 - 1.5hr prior to exercise + High CHO meal Other administrative procedures: Oral supplementation, milk shaking (in horses) |
