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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the general anatomical position rule?
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The axis of rotation is perpendicular to the plane of movement.
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What are anatomical planes?
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Anatomical planes are positions in space that are at right angles to eachother.
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What is a transverse plane?
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A transverse plane divides the body into superior and inferior segments.
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What is a sagittal plane?
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A sagittal plane divides the body vertically into left and right segments.
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What is a frontal plane?
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A frontal plane divides the body into posterior and anterior segments
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What are anatomical axes?
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An anatomical axes describes the rotation of the muscles and bones taking place
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Describe a longitudinal axis. What plane does it coincide with?
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North to South
Transversal plane |
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Describe a horizontal axis. What plane does it coincide with?
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East to West
Sagittal plane |
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Describe an antero-posterior axis. What plane does it coincide with?
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Front to back
Frontal plane |
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What is flexion?
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Flexion is decreasing the angle between two bones
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What is extension?
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Extension is increasing the angle between two bones.
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What is adduction?
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Adduction is moving towards the midline
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What is abduction?
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Abduction is moving away from the midline
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What is internal rotation?
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Internal rotation is rotating inwardly towards the midline.
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What is external rotation?
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External rotation is rotating externally towards the midline.
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What is circumduction?
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Circumduction is moving in a circular motion.
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What is supination?
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Supination is the lateral rotation of the forearm and hand.
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What is pronation?
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Pronation is the medial rotation of the forearm and hand.
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What is plantar flexion?
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Plantar flexion is the downwards pointing of the foot.
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What is dorsiflexion?
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Dorsiflexion is the upward pointing of the foot.
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Define anterior
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The front surface of the body
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Define posterior
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The back surface of the body
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Define superior
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Structures closer to the top of the body
*Excluding arms and legs |
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Define inferior
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Structures closer to the bottom of the body
*Excluding arms and legs |
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Define medial
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The area around the midline or mid-sagittal
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Define lateral
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The area away from the midline or mid-sagittal
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Define proximal
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Towards the upper segment of a limb
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Define distal
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Towards the lower segment of a limb
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Define kinesiology.
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The study of the human body.
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Define epimysium.
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Connective tissue that holds together and envelopes the entire muscle.
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Define perimysium.
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Connective tissue that binds groups of muscle fibres together.
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Define osteoporosis.
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A degenerative conditions that involves low bone mass as well as a deterioration of the bone tissue. It leads to bone fragility, and therefore, an increased susceptibility to bone fractures.
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Define ligaments.
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The tissue that attaches one or more bones together.
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What are skeletal muscles?
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Voluntary muscles that attach to bones, by tendons and other tissues. They are the most prevalent in the human body and and compose 30-40% of human body weight.
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What are smooth muscles?
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Involuntary muscles that surround the bodies internal organs.
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What are cardiac muscles?
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Involuntary muscles of the heart.
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What is a motor unit?
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A motor neuron, its axon and a stimulated muscle fibre are referred to as a motor unit.
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What is hypertrophy? What are the two different types?
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Muscle growth in response to overload training. It is primairily as enlargement of the individual fibres. There are two types: Transient & chronic.
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What is transient hypertrophy?
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An increase in fluid accumulation (edema) to a specific muscle. A sudden rush of blood to the muscles makes them appear bigger. This does not last, for the blood will eventually leave the worked muscle.
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What is chronic hypertrophy?
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Long term results depending on the intensity and frequency of workouts. A result of long term resistance training..
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What increases muscle size?
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Increased capillaries, actin and myosin (protein), and increased storage capacity for ATP, glucose and glycogen.
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What is muscle atrophy?
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The shrinking of a muscle due to the muscle not being used, malnutrition, disease OR after a long term resistance program is stopped.
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What is the Sliding Filament Theory?
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A message is sent from the brain (CNS) to the spinal cord and then to the limb.(PNS)
The action potential travels to the specific motor unit via the muscle membrane, tubules and cytoplasm. Calcium is then released causing the ADP + Pi to activate Myosin heads bind to actin filaments causing them to pull back and forth in each sarcomere of the muscle fibre. ATP then binds to myosin heads which detaches them from actin filaments. Calcium is then removed from the site and the muscle fibre returns back to resting state. |
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Define endomysium.
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A sheath of connective tissue that surrouunds the muscle fibre.
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Define supination/pronation.
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A lateral rotation of the forearm and hand.
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Name 5 different types of bones & describe them.
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Long, flat, short, sesamoid, irregular.
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What is a simple fracture?
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There is no seperation of bones into parts but a crack is detectable.
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What is a compound fracture?
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Occurs when a bone breaks into seperate pieces.
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What is a communited fracture?
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Occurs when the broken ends of the bone are shattered into many pieces.
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What are the 3 major functions of muscles?
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Heat production, movement and support.
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What is the irritability of a muscle?
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Muscle responding to stimulis
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What is the contractibility of a muscle?
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Muscles shortening in length
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What is elasticity of a muscle?
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Muscles stretching and returning.
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What is extensibility of a muscle?
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Muscles extending
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What is conductivity of a muscle?
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Muscles transmitting nerve impulses.
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What is concentric contraction?
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When muscle fibres shorten.
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What is eccentric contraction?
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When muscle fibres lengthen?
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What is isometric contraction?
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Muscle fibres do not change in length.
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What is isometric exercise?
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When muscle fibres maintain a constant length throughout contraction.
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What is isokinetic exercise?
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Machines are used to control the speed of contractions! combines the best of isometric and isotonic.
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What is isotonic exercise?
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Controlled shortening and lengthening of a muscle.
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What muscles belong to the erector spinae group?
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the Longissimus, the Spinalis and Iliocostalis
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What muscles belong to the rotator cuff muscle group?
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Supraspinous, infraspinous, teres minor & subscapularis
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