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175 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
__________motility of pili, extends by addition of subunits of pilin and contacts another cell
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twitching motility
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_______motility is used by myxobactiera
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Gliding motility
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The bacterial ________ is a semi rigid structure that gives shape of the cell
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cell wall
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Cell wall of the gram + bacteria is composed of _______
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peptidoglycan
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Gram - bacteria contains peptidoglycan but only in ________
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thin layers
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A__________(fluid filled space) is found btw outer membrane and plasma membrane
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periplasm
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Outer membrane provides resistance to ________ and action or complement.
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Phagocytosis
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Materials may penetrate the outer membrane through channels called?
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porins
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Primary stain, ______, stains both gram - and + purple because it enters the cytoplasm of both
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crystal violet
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__________ with crystal violet forms large crystals htat cant be washed through the peptidoglycan wall of gram + cells
It makes gram _ cell permeable and washes crystals out, making them colorless |
Iodine
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________appear gram - because the dont contain peptidoglycans
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Archaea
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__________ bacteria dont have cell walls. They have sterols in their _____ membrane.
Archaea have ____ in their cell walls |
Mycoplasma
plasma pseudomurein |
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Bacteria with acid fast cell walls contain concentrations of waxy lipid, _______ acid, that prevents gram staining.
They are stain with _________ dye. (heated) |
mycolic acid
carbolfuchsin dye |
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An enzyme in tears, mucus and saliva? What does it do?
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Lysozyme
damages cell walls of gram + bacteria |
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Bacterium that lost its cell wall and surrounded by only plasma memb. is __________
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protoplast
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Gram - cells treated with lysozyme retain much outer membrane layers are called ________. Both sensitive to osmotic lysis
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spheroplasts
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__________encloses the cytoplasm in prokayotes, consists of phospholipids and proteins
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plasma membrane
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__________plasma membrane contain sterols, making the more rigid
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Eukaryotic
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Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic have a 2 layered structure, molecules in parallel rows called?
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phospholipid bilayer
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One end (phosphate) is water _________ and the other (hydrocarbon) isnt
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soluble
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What is the most important function of the plasma membrane?
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selective barrier
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_________are folds in plasma memb. that may be a artifact of prep for electron microscopy
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meosomes
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Movement of molecules or ions from area of higher concentration to lower is?
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simple diffusion
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_________ is movement of molecules across selectively permeable memb.
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osmosis
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The term _________ refers to everything inside the plasma memb.
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cytoplasm
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It also contains many ________, the site of protein synthesis
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ribosomes
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_________ are not connected to the chromosome and replicate independently
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plasmids
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________ are inclusions of iron oxide, form by a few gram - bacteria that aid in the microbe orienting itself.
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magnetosomes
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_________ are highly resistant bodies formed by a few bacterial species, such as Bacillus and Clostridium
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Endospores
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Archaeas cell walls lack __________
What are the 3 groups? Dont cause disease in humans |
peptidoglycan
methanogens, extreme halophiles, extreme thermophiles |
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MIcrobes in the domain ________found in the extreme environments are called?
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Archaea
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Bacteria reproduce by _______ into two daughter cells
Many bacteria move by appendages called ______ |
binary fission
flagella |
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Bacteria are enclosed in the cells walls largely made of a carbohydrate and protein complex called _________
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peptidoglycan (cellulose)
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curved or corkscrew
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spiral
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spherical or ovoid
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coccus
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rod like
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bacillus
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Bacterial cells have one of three shapes: name them
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bacillus, coccus, spiral
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Baceria and archaea are called __________, which means pre nucleus
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prokaryotes
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_______ and ________ are simple one celled organisms whose genetic material is not enclosed in a special nuclear membrane
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bacteria and archaea
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name 7 types of microorganisms
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bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, alage, viruses, multicellular animal parasites
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What are 3 domains Carl woese created for organisms?
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Bacteria, archaea, eukarya
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In 1978 _________ devised a system of classification that groups all organisms into 3 domains
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carl woese
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Genus( genera) is the ________ name and always first
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First
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Specific epithet (species) is the _______ name and not capitalized
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second
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Scientific nomenclature assigns each organism 2 names:
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genus and specific epithet
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the system of naming ________ was established by carolus linnaeus
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nomenclature
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what do microbes do? name 4
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part of food chain in oceans, lakes and rivers, break down wastes, incorporate nitrogen gas from air to organic compounds, photosynthesis, which generates food and oxygen
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most _________ or _______ play a vital role in maintaining global environment
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microorganisms or microbes
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_____________ was the first to report observing microbes with magnifying lenses in 1674.....he made drawings called __________ that have since been identified as bacteria and protozoa
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anton van leeuwehoek
animalcules |
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________ observed with a microscope boxlike openeings in slices of plants. called them _________
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Robert Hooke
Cells |
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Define the cell theory
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that all things are composed of cells
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What is spontaneous generation
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that life could arise spontaneously from nonliving matter
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who demonstrated in 1668 that maggots do not arise spontaneously form decaying meat?
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redi
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1745, _________ found heated nutrient fluids poured in covered flasks soon had organisms and took this a spontaneous generation.
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Needham
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_________ showed that needhams microbes had entered the fluid after boiling. He showed heating such fluids in a sealed flask prevented growth
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Spallazani
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The concept of bio-genesis- that living cells can arise only from other living cells was introduced by __________v
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Virchow
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who finally ended the debate of spontaneous generation? who devised methods of blocking access of airborne microbes to nutrient enviroments and the basis of aseptic techniques?
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Louis Pasteur
Pasteur |
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Pasteur showed that air acted on _______ to convert them to alcohol, and microbes called _______. Was responsible int he absence of air. Which is called ___________.
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Sugars
yeasts fermentation |
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Pasteur prevented spoilage by heating the wine/beer just enough to kill bacteria this process is ___________
Possibility that microbes might be able to cause disease |
pasteurization
germ theory of disease |
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The _____ of an organism is its genetic makeup, the info that codes for all the particular characteristics of the organism
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genotype
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________ refers to actual, expressed properties, such as the organisms ability to perform a particular chemical reaction.
A manifestation of genotype.....its physical characteristics |
phenotype
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________is the blueprint for a cells proteins and is obtained from a parent cell or from another cell
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DNA
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Most common type of mutation involving single base pairs is ___________ (or point Mutations) which a single base at one point in the dna sequence is replaced with a different base
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base substitution
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If the base substitution results in an amino acid substitution in the synthesized protein, this change in the dna is known as a _____________
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missense substitution
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by creating a nonsense (stop) codon in the middle of an mRNA molecule, some base substitutions prevent the synthesis of a complete functional protein, only a fragment is synthesized. A base substitution resulting in a non sense codon is called_____________
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non sense mutation
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besides base pair mutations, there are also changes in DNA called __________ in which one or a few nucleotide pairs are deleted or inserted in the DNA
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frameshift mutation
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________ mutations occur in the absence of any mutation causing agents.
Agents in the enviroment, chemicals, radiation that directly or indirectly bring about mutations are __________ |
spontaneous
mutagens |
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What are some types of mutagens?
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radiation, chemicals, uv light, chemically or physically
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A chemical known to be a mutagen is __________
Nucleoside __________ is also a mutagen |
nitrous acid
analog |
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________ are potent mutagens because their ability to ionize atoms and molecules
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xrays and gamma rays
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During the process of _______ genes are transferred from one bacterium to another as naked DNA in solution
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Transformation
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_________ is mediated by one kind of plasmid, a curricular piece of DNA that replicates independently from the cells chromosome. (a mechanism by which genetic material is transferred from one bacterium to another)
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conjugation
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_________ requires direct cell to cell contact and must be opposite mating type, donor cells must be of opposite mating type, donor cells must carry the plasmid
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conjugation
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Conjugation is used to map the location of genes on a bacterial ___________
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chromosome
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The third mechanism of genetic transfer btw bacteria is ________. In this process bacterial dna is transferred from a donor cell to a recipient cell inside a virus that infects bacteria called a ________ or phage
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transduction
bacteriophage |
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______ are self replicating, gene contain circular pieces of dna about 1-5% the size of bacterial chromosome
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plasmids
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the F factor is a ____________ plasmid that carries genes for sex pili and for the transfer of plasmids to another cell.
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conjugative plasmid
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__________ plasmids code for enzymes that trigger the catabolism of certain unusual sugars and hyydrocarbons
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dissimulation plasmids
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_______ Are toxic proteins that kill other bacteria.
______ are plasmids that have medical importance, carry genes that confer upon their host cell resistance to antibiotics, heavy metals, cellular toxins |
bacteriocins
resistance factors (r factor) |
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Many r factors contain two groups of genes. One group is called ________ and include genes for plasmid replication and conjugation
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resistance transfer factor (rtf)
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Another group of r factors is _______, has resistance genes, it codes for the production of enzymes that inactivate certain drugs or toxic substances
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R - determinant
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__________ are small segments of dna that can move from one region of dna molecule to another( transpose)
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transposons
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genetic _________ refers to the exchange of genes btw two dna molecules to form new combos of genes on a chromosome
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vertical gene transfer
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______ gene transfer occurs when genes are passed from a organism to its offspring. Plants and animals pass their genes this way
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genetic recombination
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Bacteria can pass their genes laterally to other microbes of the same generation, this is known as _____ gene transfer
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horizontal
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In horizonal gene transfer, the transfer involves a ________ cell that gives a portion of its total dna to a recipient cell
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donor
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_____ contain a single type of nuclueic acid, either dna or rna
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viruses
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Viruses contain a ______ coat, that surround the nucleic acid.
multiplies inside living cells by using the synthesizing machinery of the cell |
protein
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_______ cause the synthesis of special structures that can transfer the viral nucleic acid to other cells
Viruses lack ________ for protein synthesis and atp generation. |
viruses
enzymes |
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The _________ of a virus is the spectrum of host cells the virus can infect.
Viruses that infect bacteria are called _____ or phages |
host range
bacteriophages |
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a ________ is a complete fully developed, infectious viral particle composed of nucleic acids and surrounded by a protein coat that protects it from the environment an is a vehicle of transmission from one host to another
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virion
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a virus can either dna or rna but never both. The nucleic acid of a ______ can be single stranded dna or double.
The nucleic acid can be linear or _______ |
virus
circular |
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The nucleic acid of a virus is protected by a protein coat called_____
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capsid
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Each capsid is composed of protein subunits called _____
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capsomeres
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In some viruses the capsid is covered by an ______ which usually consists of some combo of lipids, proteins, and carbs
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envelope
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Envelopes may be cover by ______ in viruses, which are carb/protein complexes that project from envelopes surface. also help identify it
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spikes
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The capsid of a ________ virus protests the nucleic acid from nuclease enzymes in biological fluids and promotes the virus attachment to susceptible hosts cells
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non enveloped viruses
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bacteriophages can multiply by two alternative mechanisms: the ________ cycle or _________ cylce.
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lytic cycle
lysogenic cycle |
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The ________ cycle ends with the lysis and death of the host cell
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lytic
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The host cell remains alive in the ________ cycle
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lysogenic cycle
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Organisms obtain energy for cellular work by oxidzing _______ compounds
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organic
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organisms synthesize complex organic compounds from simple imorganic substances, the major mechanism for such synthesis is a process called _________
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photosynthesis
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_____ is the conversion of light energy form the sun into chemical energy by plants ans many microbes
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photosynthesis
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Synthessis of sugars by useing carbon atoms from CO2 gas is also called ______
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carbon fixation
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________ -__________ and green plants all contribute to the vital recycling with photosynthesis, earth depends on recycling carbon this way
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cyanobacteria and algae
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Name the two stages of photosynthesis:
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1st stage - light dependent reactions (light)
2nd stage - light independent (dark) reactions |
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Light energy is used to convert adp and to atp
Electrons are used along with energy from atp to reduce co2 to sugar |
light dependent reactions (light)q
Dark light dependent reaction |
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_____________ is one of 3 ways atp is formed, and it occurs only in photosynthetic cells
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photophosphorylation
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Light energy is absorbed by _______ molecules in the photosynthetic cell exciting some of the molecules electrons,
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chlorophyll
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__________ photophosphorylation the electrons eventually return to chlorophyll.
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cyclic
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In ________ photophosphorylation electrons released from chlorophyll do not return to chlororphyll but become incorporated into NDPH
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noncyclic
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________ use light at their prime energy source
________ depend on oxidation reduction reactions of organic or inorganic compounds for energy |
phototrophs
chemotrophs |
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___________ (self feeders) use carbon dioxide
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autotrophs
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_________(feeders on others) require an organic carbon source
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heterotrophs
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What are the requirements of atp production?
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1. and energy source(electron donor)
2. transfer of electrons to an electron carrier during an oxidation reduction reaction 3. transfer of electrons to a final electron acceptor |
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photoautotrophs use light as a source of energy and _________ dioxide as chief source of carbon
They include photsynthetic bacteria such as: |
carbon
green and purple bacteria, cyanobacteria, algae and green plants |
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microorganisms synthesize ________ an ________
With polysaccharide biosynthesis : 1.________ is formed from adpg 2. ________udpnac is the starting material for biosynthesis of ________ |
sugars and polysccharides
glycogen peptiodoglycan |
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IN LIPID BIOSYNTHESIS:
Lipids are synthesized from________ acids and _________. _______ is derived from dihydroxyacet one phosphate and fatty acids are built from acetyke coa |
fatty
glycerol glycerol |
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amino acid and protein biosynthesis:
_________ acids are required for protein biosynthesis. |
amino
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All amino acids can by synthesized directly or indirectly from carb metabolism particularly from ___________ cycle
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krebs
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The sugars composing nucleotides are derived from either the __________ phosphate pathway or the enter doudordoff pathway
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pentose
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_________ and ________ atoms from certain amino acids form the backbones of the purines and pyridmidines
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carbon and nitrogen
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What are the requirments for microbial growth?
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Physical: temp, ph, osmotic pressure
Chemical: sources of carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorous, oxygen, trace elements |
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mirobes are classified into three primary groups on basis of preferred temps:
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psychrophiles
mesophiles thermophiles |
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moderate temp loving microbes
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mesophiles
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cold loving microbes
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psychophiles
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heat loving microbes
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thermophiles
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some microbes, members of ________ hace optimum growth temp of 80c and called ________ or ________
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Archaea
hyperthermophiles thermophiles |
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most bacteria grow best in narrow ph range near neutrality btw _______
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6.5 and 7.5
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besides water one of the most important req. for microbial growth is ________. Its the structual backbone of living matter.
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carbon
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protein synthesis requires considerable amts of _____ as well as sulfur
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nitrogen
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many photosynthetic cyanobacteria uses gaseous nitrogen(n2) directly from atmosphere, this process is called _______
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nitrogen fixation
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The synthesis of dna an rna also require _______ and phosphorous
Makes up 14% of dry weight of a bacterial cell |
nitrogen
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________ is used to synthesisze sulfur containing _______ acids an amino acids such as thimanine and biotin
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nitrogen
sulfur |
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________ is essential for synthesis of nucleic acids and phospholipids of cell membranes, and found in energy bonds of atp
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phosphorous
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Microbes require very small amts of mineral elements such as iron, copper, zinc, etc. these are referred to as _____
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trace elements
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Microbes that use molecular oxygen are ________, produce more energy from nutirents than microbes that dont use oxygen are ________
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aerobes
anaerobes |
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Organisms that require oxygen to live are _____
Organisms that have developed or retained ability to keep growing in absence of oxygen are ______ give example |
obligate aerobes
faculative anaerobes escherichia coli |
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The major function of the cell wall is to :
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prevent bacterial cells from rupturing when water pressure inside the cell is greater than outside the cell
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peptidoglycan is also known as _______
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murein
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_________ interferes with peptidoglycan synthesis
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pcn
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______ are proteins that permit small molecules to pass through outer membrane
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porins
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________ is a bacteria that lacks cell walls
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mycoplasma
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______ have pseudomurein and lack peptidoglycan
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archaea
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plasma membrane encloses the _______ and is a lipid bilayer with peripheral and intergal proteins (fluid mosaic model)
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cytoplasm
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Plasma membrane can be destroyed by ________ and ______
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alcohols and polymyxins
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cytoplasm of a prokaryote contains numerous _________ ribosomes, ribosomes consist of rRNA and protein
Protein _________ occurs at ribosomes and inhibited by certain antibiotics |
70s
synthesis |
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reserve deposits found in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
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inclusions
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_______ are resting structures formed y some bacteria, they allow survival during adverse enviro conditions
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endospores
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the process of endospore formation is called ___________, The return of an endospore to vegetative state is _________
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sporulation
germination |
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________ stanley showed the organism called tobacco mosaic virus was so simple and homogeneous it could be _______
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wendell
crystallized |
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__________ proposed an immunologically based classification sys, for streptococci bacteria, classifying them as serotypes (variants within species)
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Rebecca lancefeild
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Who discovered the 1st antibiotic and what was it?
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alexander flemming
penicillium nonatum (p. chrysogenum) |
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Paul ______ speculated about a magic bullet that would do what
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ehrlich
would destroy a pathogen without harming infected host |
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prokaryotic cells lack membrane enclosed organelles. But all bacteria contain: (4)
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cytoplasm, ribosomes, plasma membrane, nucleoid
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substances produced naturally by bacteria and fungi are __________
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antibiotics
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1835 Agostino _________ made the 1st association btw microbes and disease by proving that a fungus was the cause of silkworm disease
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bassi
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________ found out that another silkworm disease was caused by a protazoa
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pasteur
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_________ lister applied germ theory to medicine. He used carbolic acid or ____ on surgical dressing wounds.
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Joseph
Phenol |
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Ignaz _________ demonstrated that chemically disinfecting hands of drs minimized infections of OB patients
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semmelweis
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1876 robert ______ found certain bacteria in the blood of cattle that had died of anthrax were the cause of death.
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koch
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Name steps in Kochs postulates
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bacteria could be isolated and grown in pure culture, injected into healthy animals, cause death and same bacteria then could be isolated from the dead animal (proved specific microbe is cause of specific disease)
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1798, _________ showed the mild disease cowpox gave immunity to ______
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jenner
small pox |
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Jenner inoculated by scratching peoples arm with cowpox infected needle and this process became known as ________
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vaccination
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Treatment of disease by chemical substances
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chemotherapy
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multicellular animal parasites such as flatworms and roundworms are called _______ and are not strictly microbes
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`helminths
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_______ are very small and not cellular, they have a core of ____ or ________ surrounded by a protein coat
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viruses
dna or rna |
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viruses only reproduce inside the cells of a ________ organism
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host
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_____are photosynthetic eukaryotes mostly of kingdom protista and are unicellular
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algae
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Alage need light for gowth and produce oxygen and carbohydrates by ______
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photosynthesis
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Protozoa are classified by locomotion whic are :
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pseudopods (false feet)
cilia flagella |
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molds form ________ of long filament or hyphae
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mycelia
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_____ are unicellular, eukaryotic microbes, members of the kingdom _________ and classified by means of locomotion
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Protozoa
prtista |
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What is fungi cells walls composed of?
_________ are unicellular non filamentous fungi larger than bacteria |
Chitin
yeasts |
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Fungi are ________
Contain dna with distinct nucleus surrounded by a _________ THey are _____ or _______ |
eukaryotes
nuclear membrane unicellular multicellular |