Excelsior - Health Differences

Front 1

What are 3 diseases of COPD?

Back 1

Asthma, Emphysema, Chronic Bronchitis

Front 2

What are the signs seen in a patient with emphysema?

Back 2

*Coughing with thick sputum *Wheezing SOB on exertion *Weakness
*Lethargy
*Increased Ant/Post Chest
*Pursed Lip Breathing
*Ruddy Skin
*Clubbed Fingers

Front 3

What would pulmonary function tests show with an Emphysema Client?

Back 3

*Prolonged Forced Expiration *Decreased Vital Capacity
*Decreased Residual Volume

Front 4

What is Bronchitis?

Back 4

An Inflammation of the Lungs that can be acute or chronic.

Front 5

Is Bronchitis transmittable?

Back 5

Yes, it is usually a Virus.

Front 6

What are Rhonchi?

Back 6

A coarse rattling sound somewhat like snoring, usually caused by secretion in a bronchial tube.

Front 7

What is CAP?

Back 7

Community Acquired Pneumonia

Front 8

What is the difference between Community and Hospital Acquired
Pneumonia?

Back 8

Classified as CAP when symptoms start outside hospital or during first 48 hours of hospital stay.

Front 9

What are the risk factors for Pneumonia?

Back 9

Smoking URI Chronic Disease Malnutrition Prolonged Immobility

Front 10

What is Egophony?

Back 10

An abnormal change in tone, somewhat like the bleat of a goat, heard in auscultation of the chest when the subject
speaks normally.

Front 11

What is Whispered Pectoriloquy?

Back 11

The distinct transmission of vocal sounds during auscultation of the chest with a stethoscope.

Front 12

What is Fremitus?

Back 12

Vibratory tremors, esp. those felt through the chest wall by palpation. "99"

Front 13

What is Sed Rate?

Back 13

A nonspecific laboratory test of the speed at which erythrocytes settle out of unclotted blood.

Front 14

What are the characteristics of Asthma?

Back 14

Wheezing, SOB, Chest Tightness, Cough.

Front 15

Asthma. More trouble breathing in or out?

Back 15

Out. Clogged airways cause air to be trapped in the lower portion of the lungs and pt must use
Upper Respiratory to gasp for air.

Front 16

What is Albuterol.

Back 16

A Beta II agonist.

Front 17

What is Emphysema?

Back 17

Chronic Damage of the Alveoli causing them to over inflate.

Front 18

What tests would be ordered with Dx of Emphysema?

Back 18

CXR Pulmonary Function Tests ABG's

Front 19

What is Orthopnea?

Back 19

Labored breathing that occurs when lying flat and is relieved by sitting up.

Front 20

What are dietary recommendations for a COPD client?

Back 20

Low Carb, High Fat/Protein

Front 21

What are the pharmacotherapies for COPD?

Back 21

Immunizations Antibiotics Bronchodilators Corticosteroids (PO and Inhaled) O2 Beta
Andergenic Agonists

Front 22

What is ARDS?

Back 22

It is a life-threatening condition that occurs when there is severe fluid buildup in both lungs. The fluid buildup prevents the
lungs from working properly that is, allowing the transfer of oxygen from air into the body and carbon dioxide out of the body into the air.

Front 23

What is Pneumothorax?

Back 23

Collapsed Lung. Air Escapes from the lung or air enters the lung from the outside.

Front 24

What is the difference between closed or open pneumothorax?

Back 24

Open with penetrating injury. Closed, blunt trauma.

Front 25

What is thoracentesis?

Back 25

Inserting a needle through the chest wall and into the pleural space, usually to remove fluid for diagnostic or
therapeutic purposes.

Front 26

How do you dress an open pneumothorax?

Back 26

Occlusive dressing taped on three sides to allow air to escape.

Front 27

What is PEEP, and why should it be used cautiously with Emphysema clients?

Back 27

Positive end-expiratory pressure on a ventilator. They Blebs
in Emphysema might rupture.

Front 28

What are three causes of High Pressure Alarm on Ventilator?

Back 28

*Secretions in airway or tube
*Client Biting Tube
*Client with breathing out of
synch with machine (Bucking the ventilator).

Front 29

Nursing Interventions for High Pressure Alarm.

Back 29

Suction airway or tube or sedate client.

Front 30

What are two reasons for and interventions for low-pressure alarm?

Back 30

Decreased Cuff or Leak in system. Re-inflate cuffs or check for leaks.

Front 31

What is Hypercapnia?

Back 31

Inadequate removal of Co2 from the bloodstream.

Front 32

What is Flail Chest?

Back 32

A condition of the chest wall due to two or more fractures on each affected rib resulting in a segment of rib not
attached on either end; the flail segment moves paradoxically in with inspiration and out during expiration.

Front 33

What is an S3?

Back 33

S3 Ventricular gallop heard after S2, an abnormal heart sound.

Front 34

What is S4?

Back 34

Atrial gallop, heard before S1, an abnormal heart sound.

Front 35

List the Functions of the Urinary Tract?

Back 35

Formation of Urine; Maintain Acid-Base Balance - Secretion of Renin; Activation Vitamin D -
Production of Erythropoietin (Stimulates Stem Cells in Marrow to Produce RBC); - Elimination of Urine

Front 36

List the Normal Characteristics, Constituents and Parameters of a Urine-Analysis

Back 36

Normal Characteristics: - Color of Straw Amber - Output
of 1000 - 2000 ml per 24 hrs; Straw or Amber Color - pH 4.6 to 8.0 (Vegetarian more Alkaline; Protein more Acidic) Constituents: - 95%
H20; Nitrogenous Waste (Urea, Creatinine, & Uric Acid) - Urea formed by Liver from Protein Metabolism - Creatinine from Creatinine
Phosphate (Muscle Energy) - Uric Acid from Metabolism of Nucleic Acids Parameters: - Color, Odor, pH, Specific Gravity, Protein,
Glucose, Ketones, Bilirubin, Nitrite - Leukocyte Esterase, RBC, WBC

Front 37

Describe Lab and Diagnostic Tests Used to Diagnosis Acute Renal Failure

Back 37

Serum (Blood) Creatinine - Waste Product from Muscle
Metabolism Released to Blood - BUN - Urea Waste Product of Protein Metabolism - Uric Acid - End Product of Purine Metabolism - Creatinine Clearance - Compares Creatinine in Blood to Urine

Front 38

Describe Implications of Increased Serum Creatinine Compared to BUN and Urine Creatinine?

Back 38

Serum Creatinine - Waste Product of
Muscle Metabolism in Blood Stream - Higher Serum Creatinine Indicates Impaired Kidney Function - BUN - Urea Waste of Protein
Metabolism; - Elevated BUN Indicates: Dysfunction; Decreased Kidney Blood Supply; Dehydration - Urine Creatinine - Unable to Find
Specifically Urine Creatinine - Creatinine Clearance - Blood and Urine Creatinine Clearance in Specified Period - Excellent Test of Renal
Function

Front 39

Describe the Purpose of a Renal Angiogram

Back 39

Visualize Renal Arteries & Determine Blood Flow - Cause and Treatment of Kidney
Disease

Front 40

Describe the Purposes of a Cystoscopy?

Back 40

Minor Surgical Procedure Involving Rigid or Fiberoptic Instrument - Inserted into Bladder
through Urethra - Allows Physician to Visualize Inside of Bladder

Front 41

Describe the Pathophysiology of Pyelonephritis?

Back 41

Infection of the Kidneys - Formation of Small Abscesses & Gross Enlargement -
Typically Caused by Bacterial Infections - Typically Enter Kidneys through Bloodstream

Front 42

Describe the % of Nephron Function Lost in Renal Insufficiency and ESRD?

Back 42

Renal Insufficiency 75% - End State 90%

Front 43

Describe the Normal Changes of the Renal System Associated with Aging and how the Changes may Increase Risk of Cystitis?

Back 43

Number
of Nephrons Decrease with Half the Original by Age 70-80 - Urinary Bladder and Detrusor Muscle Decrease - Renal Mass Becomes
Smaller; Renal Flow Decreases 50% with Decreased GFR - Cystitis - Inflammation & Infection of Bladder Wall

Front 44

Describe the Best Intervention for Someone in Acute Distress with Significant Urinary Retention?

Back 44

Indwelling Urinary Catheter (Foley
Catheter)

Front 45

Differentiate Between Stress, Urge and Total Incontinence Plus the Risk Factors Associated with Each?

Back 45

*Stress - Increased Abdominal
Pressure During Coughing, Sneezing, Laughing; Typically Weak Perineal Muscles
*Urge - Involuntary Loss of Urine Associated with Abrupt Strong Desire to Void; Weak Perineal or Pubococcygeal
*Muscle - Functional - Chronic Impairment or Physical Function or Ability to Think
*Total - Neurologically Impaired Patients

Front 46

Describe the Most Common Cause of Urge Incontinence?

Back 46

Weak Perineal Muscles (Teach Kegel’s)

Front 47

Describe the Teaching for a Client Experiencing Nocturnal Enuresis?

Back 47

Keep records of voiding and incontinence, Wear Clothing for
Easy Voiding - Proper Night Time Lighting and Easy Access - Void Frequently & Before Sleeping

Front 48

Describe the Most Common Causative Organism of UTI's. Explain Why?

Back 48

E-coli. Usually found in stool. Women have shorter urethra.

Front 49

Describe why it is Important to Collect a Sample of Urine Before Beginning Antibiotics?

Back 49

Sensitivity Test Can identify which Antibiotics will
be Effective Against Organism

Front 50

Describe the Teaching Associated with Treatment of Cystitis Including the Use of Pyridium?

Back 50

Cystitis - Infection of Bladder caused by
Bacterial Infection - Uncomplicated is treated with Sulfa; Complicated is Treated with Cipro - Based on Infection, Other Antibiotics Maybe
Used; Complete all Treatment Regimen - Drink Plenty of Fluids; Have Follow-Up Urine Analysis to Ensure Infection Gone - Pyridium is
Used to Treat Pain NOT Antibiotic; Causes Reddish Colored Urine

Front 51

Describe Preventative Teaching for Decreasing the Risk of UTI's?

Back 51

Void Frequently; Drink Plenty of Fluids - Drink 10 oz Cranberry Juice;
Take Showers NOT Baths - Wipe Perineum from Front to Back; Urinate After Intercourse

Front 52

Describe the Risk Factors, S/S of Acute Glomerulonephritis?

Back 52

Risk Factors: Group A Beta-Streptococcal Infection of Throat; Antibodies
from Streptococcal Antigen are deposited in Basement Membrane of Glomerulus - S/S: Fluid Overload; Oliguria; Hypertension; Electrolyte
Imbalances; Edema Flank Pain; Dark or Cola Colored Urine; Ascites; Pleural Effusion

Front 53

Describe the Expected Lab Findings for a Client with Chronic Glomerulonephritis?

Back 53

BUN and Creatinine Levels may be Elevated - Oliguria,
Hypertension, lectrolyte Imbalance, and Edema (Around Eyes)

Front 54

Describe the Preparation and Follow-Up Care for a Client who has an Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) Procedure?

Back 54

Extracorporeal Shockwave Lithotripsy - Out Pt.
Procedure where Pt. is Anesthetized - Pt. Immersed in Tube of H20; Ultrasound Used to Break Stones - After Procedure Drink Plenty of
H20; Pt. will Urinate Stone - Blood in Urine is Common; Notify Doctor of Any Concerns

Front 55

Describe the Dietary Implications of Clients with Urolithiasis Caused by Specific Types of Stones?

Back 55

Urolithiasis - Stones in the Urinary
Tract - Drink Sufficient Fluid to Produce 2000 ml Urine Per Day - Increase Calcium Intake; - Decrease Animal Protein; Increase Potassium
intake

Front 56

Describe the Warning Signs of Bladder Cancer?

Back 56

Painless Hematuria; Initially Intermittent - Progresses to Frank Hematuria; Bladder
Irritability - Urinary Retention from Clots; Fistula Formation (Opening to Adjoining Structure)

Front 57

Describe the Characteristics of a Healthy Stoma and an abnormal stoma.

Back 57

Healthy Stoma - Moist, Pink to Red in Color
Bluish - Inadequate Blood Supply Black - Necrosis

Front 58

Describe Nursing Considerations for a Person Undergoing Hemodialysis?

Back 58

Typically Meds are Held Before Hemodialysis - Ensure Pt.
Weighed Morning, before, and After Procedure - Coordinate Blood Draws to Avoid Unnecessary Sticks - After Dialysis, Assess Site and
Administer Meds

Front 59

Review the Considerations for Medication Administration Before Hemodialysis?

Back 59

Consult Physician; Hold Antihypertensives - Other Meds
Maybe be Dialyzed and Thus become Ineffective

Front 60

Describe the Color of the Returned Dialysate Following Peritoneal Dialysis Session. Explain the Mechanism of Action and Nursing
Considerations?

Back 60

Unable to Find Color - Waste Products Pass through Blood to Peritoneal Membrane to Dailysate Solution

Front 61

Identify a Potential Complication for a Client on Peritoneal Dialysis?

Back 61

Peritonitis - Infection of Peritoneum - Caused by Poor Technique of
Connecting Bag of Dialyzing Solution to Catheter

Front 62

Transplant Rejection?

Back 62

Renal Failure; Low Grade Fever

Front 63

List Conservative Treatments for Managing a Renal Stone?

Back 63

Patients can Urinated Stones Smaller than 5mm - Intravenous Fluids can be
given to Hydrate and Flush Stone - Urine is Strained and Monitored

Front 64

Explain why it is Important to Strain the Urine of Clients Experiencing a Renal Stone?

Back 64

To Detect Passage of Stones and Pain Medications
(Morphine) - If Patient is Unable Pass Stone, Intervention is needed

Front 65

Describe Predisposing Factors Associated with UTI's?

Back 65

Patients who have UTI Develop Repeat Infections - Another Infection such as
Vaginitis or Prostatitis

Front 66

Describe Hydroneprhosis and Potential Causes?

Back 66

Untreated Obstruction of Urinary Tract - Obstruction can be in Ureter or Urethra -
Causes Include Obstruction from Strictures, Stones, Tumor, or Enlarged Prostate

Front 67

Describe Why a Client with DM Should Have Renal Functions (BUN, Serum Creatinine) Evaluated Periodically?

Back 67

Diabetic Nephropathy is
Most Common Cause of Renal Failure - Diabetes Results in Damage to Small Blood Vessels of Kidneys

Front 68

List the Most Common Cause of Chronic Renal Failure?

Back 68

Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetic Nephropathy; - Chronic High Blood Pressure
Causing Nephrosclerosis, Glomerulonephritis, and Autoimmune Disease

Front 69

Explain why the Early Stages of Chronic Renal Failure are Often Asymptomatic?

Back 69

As Nephrons Die Off, Undamaged Ones Increase Work
Capacity

Front 70

Describe the Signs/Symptoms of End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD)?

Back 70

Disturbances in H20 Balance; Assess Edema; Lung Sounds; Daily Weights - Disturbances in
Electrolyte Balance - Hypernatremia; Hyperkalemia - Disturbances in Removal of Waste Products - Increase in Urea, BUN, and Creatinine

Front 71

Describe the Signs and Symptoms of Cystitis (Bladder Infection)?

Back 71

Dysuria, Frequency, and Urgency - Cloudy Urine, Presence of WBC,
Bacteria, and RBC

Front 72

Describe the Electrolyte Imbalance and Acid/Base Imbalance Associated with Chronic Renal Failure? Explain Why?

Back 72

Kidneys Lose Ability
to Absorb & Excrete Electrolytes - Electrolytes such as Sodium, Potassium, and Magnesium Accumulate - High Levels Become Life
Threatening - Renal Failure Affects Hydrogen Ion Excretion - Can Result in Metabolic Acidosis

Front 73

Explain the Purpose of Erythropoietin?

Back 73

Secreted During Stages of Hypoxia - Hormone that Stimulates Stem Cells in Bone Marrow to
Produce RBC

Front 74

Explain Why Fluid Restriction is an Appropriate Intervention for a Client with ESRD?

Back 74

To Prevent Fluid Overload

Front 75

List the S/S of Hypothyroidism, Hyperthyroidism?

Back 75

Hypothyroidism - Occurs in Women Ages 30 to 60 - S/S Include - Low Metabolism;
Fatigue; Weight Gain; Bradycardia; Constipation - Heart Failure; Hyperlipidemia; Myxedema -

Hyperthyroidism - Diagnosed in Young
Women; Grave's Disease - Heat Intolerance; Increased Appetite; Weight Loss; Increased Bowel Movements

Front 76

Discuss General Guidelines when Caring for a Client with Recent Radioactive Iodine Treatment?

Back 76

Limit Time Spent with Pt; Pregnant
Nurses Not Allowed; - Dispose Body Excretions to Facility Policy; Double Flush Toilet - Oral Contact with Others Should be Avoided

Front 77

Signs of Ketoacidosis?

Back 77

Occurs when Blood Glucose Levels are High & Insulin is Deficient - Typically with Type I Diabetes and Low
Levels of Insulin - Because Cells Cannot Uptake Glucose, Fat is Broken Releasing Ketones - Body Attempts to Reduce Acidosis by
Pattern Called Kussmaul's Respiration

Front 78

Describe the Purpose of Glucagons?

Back 78

Raises Blood Sugar when Needed by Releasing Stored Glucose from Liver - Insulin and Glucose
Work to Keep Blood Glucose at Constant Level

Front 79

Etiology of Diabetic Nephropathy?

Back 79

Damage to Tiny Blood Vessels of Kidneys - Poor Control of Blood Glucose - Kidneys Become Unable
to Remove Waste Products and Fluid from Blood

Front 80

Give an Example of a Sulfonylurea Drug?

Back 80

Insulin Stimulators - 1st Generation: Tolbutamide; Chlorpropamide - 2nd Generation: Glipizide;
Glimepiride; Meglitinides; Repaglinide

Front 81

Implications of Low C-Peptide Test Results?

Back 81

Connecting Peptide - Released by Pancreas in Equal Levels with Insulin - Test Shows How
Much Insulin Body is Making

Front 82

Nursing Care Guidelines for a Patient Post Subtotal Thyroidectomy?

Back 82

Monitor V.S., Surgical Site, Monitor Excessive Bleeding - Keep
Tracheostomy Set; Keep Pt. in Semi-Fowler Position - Gentle ROM, Avoid Hyperextension; Use Incentive Spirometer - Teach Signs of
Thyrotoxic Crisis, Irritability, Fever, or Palpitations

Front 83

Purpose and Side Effects of Propylthiouracil?

Back 83

Treats Hyperthyroidism - Nausea, Vomiting, Diarrhea, Rash - Agranulocytosis (Decrease
WBC), Thrombocytopenia (Decrease Platelets)

Front 84

Teaching Points for a Patient Beginning Thyroid Replacement Therapy?

Back 84

Monitor and Record Bowel Movements - Increase Fluids;
Encourage Fiber; Use Stool Softener

Front 85

Define Hashimoto's Disease?

Back 85

Autoantibodies and TSH Form - Thyroid Gland Over Stimulates Causing Hyperthyroidism - Becomes
Enlarged with Lymphocytes and Phagocytes - Autoantibodies Destroy Thyroid Cells causing Hypothyroidism

Front 86

Diagnostic Tests for Hypoparathyroidism? -

Back 86

Lab Tests Show Decreased Serum Calcium and PTH Levels - Increased Serum Phosphate,
Magnesium Levels Maybe Low - Radiograph Shows Bone Changes - Chvosteks's and Trousseau's Signs

Front 87

Nursing Diagnoses and Interventions for a Patient with Cushing’s syndrome?

Back 87

Excess Fluid Volume Related to Sodium and Water
Retention - Risk for Impaired Skin Integrity; Risk for Injury R/T Impaired Glucose Tolerance - Disturbed Body Image

Front 88

Manifestations of Addison’s disease?

Back 88

Insufficient Production of Hormones of Adrenal Cortex - Hypotension R/T Lack of Aldosterone -
Caused by Low Production of ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone )

Front 89

Special Nutritional Considerations for a Client with Addison’s and Cushing’s?

Back 89

Addison’s: High Sodium Diet - Cushing: High Potassium, Low
Sodium

Front 90

S/S of SIADH (syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone hypersecretion ). Including Diagnostic Tests?

Back 90

Fluid Overload; Muscle Cramps; Weakness - Serum Urine and Sodium Levels

Front 91

Possible Causes of Hypoglycemia in a Patient with Diabetes Mellitus?

Back 91

Not Enough Calories Available in Relation to Circulating Insulin -
Typically Blood Glucose Levels Below 50 mg/dl - Caused by Skipping Meal, Vigorous Exercise, Insulin Overdose

Front 92

Long Term Complications of Diabetes Mellitus?

Back 92

Macrovascular: - Circulatory System - Atherosclerosis and Arteriosclerosis leads to
Hypertension Microvascular: - Eyes - Blood Vessels Diseased Retinopathy, Cataracts - Kidneys - Damage Blood Vessels of Kidney Leads
6
to Nephropathy - Neuropathy - Damage to Nerves - Infection - More Prone to Infection - Foot Complication - Due to Poor Blood Flow to
Lower Extremities

Front 93

Cornerstone of Treatment for a Pt with Type II Diabetes?

Back 93

Treatment Begins with Diet and Exercise - Variety of Meal Plans are Available -
Fat and Sodium Intake is Limited - Complex Carbohydrates are Encouraged - Use Less of Simple Sugars as Possible

Front 94

Goals of Nutrition Therapy in a Client with Diabetes?

Back 94

Maintain Fasting Plasma Glucose Level Below 120 mg/dl - Glycohemoglobin Level
Less than 7 percent - Maintain Blood Glucose and Lipid Levels as Normal as Possible

Front 95

Review the Process of Mixing Insulins?

Back 95

Too Much to List (Common Sense) - Basically Draw Clear then Draw Cloudy - If Too Much
Cloudy is Drawn accidentally, Discard Syringe (Or Squirt in Air J)

Front 96

Etiology of DI?

Back 96

Diabetes Insipidus - Tumors or Trauma to Pituitary Gland - Surgery Near Pituitary Gland; Glucocorticoids; Alcohol

Front 97

Healthy People 2010 goal…

Back 97

to increase life span of healthy Americans

Front 98

Registered Dietitian…

Back 98

nutrition authority at hospital

Front 99

Nutrients are…

Back 99

chemical elements in food that have specific metabolic functions

Front 100

Nutrients that regulate and control all chemical processes in the body are....

Back 100

vitamins

Front 101

Nutrients should be…

Back 101

varied for optimal nutrition

Front 102

Nutrients in food provide…

Back 102

energy, build tissue, regulate metabolic processes

Front 103

Carbohydrates are…

Back 103

nutrients that provide energy

Front 104

Fats stored in… liver

Back 104

liver

Front 105

Metabolism is…

Back 105

the sum of all body process inside living cells that sustain life and health

Front 106

Proteins primary function is…

Back 106

tissue building

Front 107

Tissue building requires…

Back 107

protein, vitamins and minerals, and fatty acid

Front 108

Heart’s preferred source of energy is…

Back 108

fatty acid

Front 109

Vitamins govern chemical reaction during…

Back 109

cell metabolism

Front 110

Average American sugar intake is…

Back 110

20%

Front 111

Malnutrition…

Back 111

not from exercise

Front 112

Overnutrition from…

Back 112

excess nutrient and energy intake over time

Front 113

DRI published by the…

Back 113

National Academy of Sciences

Front 114

Food Guide Pyramid is…

Back 114

basis for general meal planning

Front 115

Simple carb...

Back 115

glucose and maltose

Front 116

Digestion of starch is in…

Back 116

small intestine

Front 117

Once monosaccharides are absorbed into intestinal bloodstream it is transported to…

Back 117

liver

Front 118

Lowest source of starch is…

Back 118

fruit

Front 119

Oatmeal good source of…

Back 119

fiber

Front 120

Plant fatty acid is…

Back 120

unsaturated

Front 121

Avocado is good source of…

Back 121

monounsaturated fat

Front 122

Carbohydrate is…

Back 122

basic fuel source

Front 123

monosaccharide

Back 123

Glucose

Front 124

disaccarides

Back 124

sucrose, lactose, maltose

Front 125

Fiber for 50yrs and younger…

Back 125

25-38grams

Front 126

Saturated fatty acids…

Back 126

filled with hydrogen

Front 127

Cholesterol…

Back 127

synthesized in liver

Front 128

Fat insulates in

Back 128

adipose tissue

Front 129

margarine is...

Back 129

saturated

Front 130

Fish oil is…

Back 130

polyunsaturated fat

Front 131

Bile…

Back 131

breaks fat into smaller particles allowing enzymes to penetrate more easily

Front 132

Dietary content should not exceed...

Back 132

*Fat 20-35% of kcalories
*Carbohydrates=45-65%
*Protein=secondary energy source; 10-35%

Front 133

Glycogen…

Back 133

stored in liver; is emergency fuel for heart

Front 134

Fat…

Back 134

is transported in bloodstream by lipoproteins

Front 135

Starch…

Back 135

is a polysaccharide

Front 136

How many common amino acids are there?

Back 136

20

Front 137

How many indispensable amino acids are there?

Back 137

9

Front 138

Unlike carbs and fats that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen…

Back 138

proteins have 16% nitrogen

Front 139

Negative nitrogen balance…

Back 139

body takes in less nitrogen than excreted

Front 140

Primary function of protein…

Back 140

repair worn out, wasted, or damaged tissue and build up new tissue

Front 141

One protein-free substance in body is…

Back 141

glycogen

Front 142

Pepsin is activated by…

Back 142

hydrochloric acid in stomach

Front 143

Where is water absorbed?

Back 143

Large intestine

Front 144

What are the pancreatic secretions…

Back 144

trypsin and chymotrypsin

Front 145

Fever raises metabolism how much?

Back 145

7% per 1° F

Front 146

Protein in muscle mass used for energy during…

Back 146

Starvation

Front 147

Describe Gluconeogensis?

Back 147

amino acids to glucose

Front 148

The route of fat absorption…

Back 148

is the villi lacteals of the lymphatic system

Front 149

Mucosal folds, villi, microvilli…

Back 149

increase surface area for absorption

Front 150

End product of fat is...

Back 150

glycerol

Front 151

what is anabolism and catabolism?

Back 151

Anabolism to build up…catabolism to break down

Front 152

Respiration is an example of what type of activity?

Back 152

involuntary

Front 153

what is the main gastric acid?

Back 153

pepsin

Front 154

name three forms of energy

Back 154

chemical, mechanical, electrical

Front 155

Spinach is a good source of?

Back 155

Vitamin K

Front 156

Vitamin D regulates…

Back 156

calcium and phosphorus

Front 157

Vitamin E protects…

Back 157

RBC and muscle tissue cells

Front 158

Disease associated with Vit C deficiency…

Back 158

scurvy

Front 159

Folic acid food source…

Back 159

chicken

Front 160

Vit A…

Back 160

700 women; 900 men

Front 161

Disease associated with Vit A deficiency…

Back 161

night blindness

Front 162

Vit A food source…

Back 162

liver (retinol)

Front 163

Water intake daily…

Back 163

2200-2900 ml

Front 164

Magnesium food source…

Back 164

nuts

Front 165

Vitamin C deficiency…

Back 165

easy bruising and pinpoint hemorrhages

Front 166

Natural source Vit D…

Back 166

fish liver oil

Front 167

Vit K functions…

Back 167

blood clotting

Front 168

Vit E food source…

Back 168

safflower oil

Front 169

Vit B1 thiamin…

Back 169

Supports GI system, CNS and CV system

Front 170

Vit B12 food source…

Back 170

oysters

Front 171

Major minerals…

Back 171

7

Front 172

Enteral feeding…

Back 172

uses tube to stomach…nasogastric tube

Front 173

Parenteral feeding for long term use and needs x-ray to confirm placement…

Back 173

central vein feeding

Front 174

Sign of dysphagia is…

Back 174

recurrent pneumonia

Front 175

Diverticulitis is …

Back 175

infected pocket/Diverticulosis

Front 176

Gallbladder function…

Back 176

to concentrate and store bile

Front 177

Cholelithasis

Back 177

gall stones

Front 178

Excessive thirst is …

Back 178

polydipsia

Front 179

Lower esophageal sphincter (LES) controls entry of food into…

Back 179

the stomach

Front 180

Treatment of hepatic encephalopathy focuses on…

Back 180

removing sources of excess ammonia

Front 181

Postsurgical edema develops at the wound site as a result of…

Back 181

decreased plasma protein levels

Front 182

If the BUN blood urea nitrogen is elevated and urine output is decreased, then what will be
restricted

Back 182

protein

Front 183

Major sign of acute renal failure…

Back 183

oliguria

Front 184

After a cholecystectomy, the diet usually consist of …

Back 184

no fats

Front 185

Rectal surgery diets consist of

Back 185

clear fluid or nonresidue diet

Front 186

Diaphragmatic breathing is assessed by ...

Back 186

placing the palms of hands in the area of the lower ribs

Front 187

If a pt is in metabolic acidosis they will be given...

Back 187

1/2 NS

Front 188

Crackles, elevated systolic pressure is a sign of....

Back 188

fluid volume excess

Front 189

Cardiac arrhythmias can occur with a potassium of ...

Back 189

6.2

Front 190

Dark green vegetables are high in...

Back 190

Calcium

Front 191

Metabolic acidosis- the pt will have...

Back 191

nausea/vomiting

Front 192

A normal respiratory assessment of a newborn would be...

Back 192

30-60, irregular with some apnea

Front 193

Ph 7.29, pco2 38mm/hg and hco3 17 is an indication of...

Back 193

metabolic acidosis

Front 194

Carbon dioxide has the strongest effect on...

Back 194

chemical receptors in the body

Front 195

Green leafy vegetable should be recommended to a pt with...

Back 195

iron anemia

Front 196

If a pt has a nasogastric feeding going on what position should they be in?

Back 196

Semi fowlers to fowlers position

Front 197

Feeding with a high osmolarity can cause...

Back 197

diarrhea

Front 198

A rectal tube of an enema is inserted toward the

Back 198

umbilicus along the rectum

Front 199

Kidney disease, dehydration, and malnutrition will all increase what?

Back 199

BUN

Front 200

The tip of the central venous pressure catheter is placed in the...

Back 200

right atrium

Front 201

Hypokalemia will develop

Back 201

muscle weakness, speech changes, rapid or weak pulse or abdominal distention

Front 202

Constipation with liquid fecal seepage is an indication of an...

Back 202

impaction

Front 203

Administration of an oil retention enema followed by a cleansing enema is the treatment for a...

Back 203

fecal impaction

Front 204

what is used to expel flatus?

Back 204

Colonic irrigation, also known as a return flow enema

Front 205

what are Cheyne-Stokes respirations?

Back 205

respirations are uneven deep to shallow and with periods apnea

Front 206

what is used to irrigate a nasogastric tube hooked to continuous suction

Back 206

normal saline

Front 207

what is the normal pao2 in the arterial circulation

Back 207

80-100mmhg

Front 208

A fleets enema is a...

Back 208

hypertonic enema

Front 209

polyuria is...

Back 209

abnormally large amounts of urine

Front 210

What is lost when tissues are damaged

Back 210

Potassium

Front 211

Pts with chronic alcoholism will have a decreased

Back 211

magnesium level

Front 212

Tremors are a side effect for

Back 212

Low magnesium

Front 213

common in hyperkalemia and hypokalemia is...

Back 213

Bradycardia

Front 214

memory loss can be an early sign of acute....

Back 214

hypoxia

Front 215

clubbing of the fingers is seen in...

Back 215

chronic hypoxia

Front 216

a type of laxative that preserves natural bowel function....

Back 216

bulk forming

Front 217

Tap water enemas may cause

Back 217

hyponatremia

Front 218

0.9% NaCl would cause fluid to move

Back 218

from the circulatory system to the interstitial spaces

Front 219

0.45NaCl would cause the fluid to move

Back 219

from the plasma into the cells

Front 220

Un-oxygenated blood leaves the heart through the

Back 220

pulmonary artery

Front 221

Pt laying on left side with pillows placed beneath the head, upper right arm and upper right thigh is also called

Back 221

the Sim’s position

Front 222

With NREM you would have

Back 222

decreased blood pressure, decreased metabolic rate and slow, rolling eye movements

Front 223

Excessive sleepiness is a sign of

Back 223

NREM deprivation

Front 224

Irritability is a sign of

Back 224

REM deprivation

Front 225

REM sleep allows the brain

Back 225

to analyze the activities of the day

Front 226

NREM sleep restores

Back 226

the body physically

Front 227

CALCIUM & PHOSPHOROUS ARE TWO MINERALS THAT MAKE UP TO ?% IN THE BODY

Back 227

80

Front 228

Stage IV of NREM is

Back 228

where is most difficult to arouse, most relaxed and rarely moves

Front 229

1ST PORTION OF THE SMALL INTESTINE - DUODENUM

3RD PORTION OF THE SMALL INTESTINE - ILEUM

2ND & LONGEST PORTION OF THE SMALL INTESTINE - JEJUNUM

Back 229

*1ST PORTION OF THE SMALL INTESTINE - DUODENUM
*2ND & LONGEST PORTION OF THE SMALL INTESTINE - JEJUNUM
*3RD PORTION OF THE SMALL INTESTINE - ILEUM

Front 230

DEFICIENCY OF THIS MINERAL LEADS TO DENTAL CARIES?

Back 230

FLUORIDE

Front 231

DEFICIENCY OF THIS MINERAL LEADS TO GOITER?

Back 231

iodine

Front 232

DEFICIENCY OF THIS MINERAL LEADS TO IMPAIRED GLUCOSE METABOLISM?

Back 232

Chromium

Front 233

DEFICIENCY OF THIS MINERAL LEADS TO IMPAIRED GROWTH, SEXUAL MATURATION, & IMMUNE SYSTEM FUNCTIONS, SKIN
LESIONS, DECREASED SENSE OF TASTE & SMELL?

Back 233

zinc

Front 234

DEFICIENCY OF THIS MINERAL LEADS TO INCREASES NEUROMUSCULAR & CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM IRRITABILITY, LOSS OF
MUSCULAR CONTROL, TREMORS, DISORIENTATION, TETANY, & CONVULSIONS?

Back 234

Magnesium

Front 235

DEFICIENCY OF THIS MINERAL LEADS TO MUSCLE CRAMPS & ANOREXIA?

Back 235

chloride

Front 236

DEFICIENCY OF THIS MINERAL LEADS TO MUSCLE CRAMPS & WEAKNESS, CARDIAC MUSCLE WEAKNESS, ANOREXIA, N&V,
MENTAL DEPRESSION & CONFUSION, LETHARGY, ABDOMINAL DISTENTION, SHALLOW RESPIRATIONS, & IRREGULAR PULSES?

Back 236

potassium

Front 237

DEFICIENCY OF THIS MINERAL LEADS TO MICROCYTIC ANEMIA, PALLORM DECREASED WORK CAPACITY, FATIGUE, WEAKNESS,
SPOON-SHAPED NAILS?

Back 237

Iron

Front 238

けんきゅうしつ

Back 238

Professor's office

Front 239

DEFICIENCY OF THIS MINERAL LEADS TO MUSCLE PAIN, HEART ENLARGEMENT, & HEART FAILURE?

Back 239

Selenium

Front 240

DEFICIENCY OF THIS MINERAL LEADS TO WEIGHT LOSS & SKIN LESIONS?

Back 240

manganese

Front 241

DEFICIENCY OF THIS VITAMIN LEADS TO ABNORMAL BRAIN WAVE PATTERNS, DEPRESSION, SZ, & ANEMIA?

Back 241

B6 - pyridoxine

Front 242

DEFICIENCY OF THIS VITAMIN LEADS TO BERI-BERI, MENTAL CONFUSION, ANOREXIA, FATIGUE, & MUSCLE WEAKNESS?

Back 242

B1 - thyamine

Front 243

DEFICIENCY OF THIS VITAMIN LEADS TO ORAL LESIONS, DERMATITIS, CHEILOSIS( CRACKS IN THE CORNER OF THE MOUTH),
RED & SWOLLEN TONGUE, REDDENING OF CORNEA?

Back 243

B2 - riboflavin

Front 244

DEFICIENCY OF THIS VITAMIN LEADS TO RICKETS, MALFORMED TEETH, & BONE DEFORMITIES?

Back 244

Vitamin D

Front 245

DEFICIENCY OF THIS VITAMIN RESULTS IN PERNICIOUS ANEMIA, ANOREXIA, INDIGESTION, PARESTHESIA OF HANDS & FEET?

Back 245

B12--COBALAMIN

Front 246

CONDITION WHERE ACIDS CALLED KETONES ACCUMULATE IN THE BLOOD & URINE & UPSET THE ACID-BASE
BALANCE SECONDARY TO INCOMPLETE FAT OXIDATION IN CELLS. CAUSED BY DECREASED CARBOHYDRATE INTAKE

Back 246

KETOACIDOSIS -

Front 247

What are macro minerals?

Back 247

MACRO MINERALS- MINERALS THAT PEOPLE REQUIRE DAILY IN AMOUNTS OVER 100MG. CALCIUM, PHOSPHOROUS SODIUM,
POTASSIUM, MAGNESIUM, CHLORIDE, & SULFER

Front 248

SALIVARY ENZYME THAT STARTS THE DIGESTION OF STARCHES IN THE MOUTH -

Back 248

ptyalin

Front 249

THIS MINERAL FACILITATES GLUCOSE UPTAKE BY CELLS & DECREASES SERUM CHOLESTEROL & TRIGLYCERIDES?

Back 249

chromium

Front 250

THIS MINERAL FUNCTIONS AS A COMPONENT OF THYROID HORMONES?

Back 250

iodine

Front 251

THIS MINERAL FUNCTIONS IN BONE & TOOTH FORMATION, SMOOTH MUSCLE RELAXATION, CARB METABOLISM, PROTEIN
SYSTHESIS, HORMONAL ACTIVITY, & CELL REPRODUCTION & GROWTH?

Back 251

magnesium

Front 252

THIS MINERAL FUNCTIONS IN FLUID BALANCE, & AS A COMPONENT OF GASTRIC JUICE, & ACID-BASE BALANCE?

Back 252

chloride

Front 253

THIS MINERAL FUNCTIONS IN FLUID BALANCE, ACID-BASE BALANCE, MUSCULAR IRRITABILITY, CELL PERMEABILITY, & NERVE
IMPULSE TRANSMISSION?

Back 253

sodium

Front 254

THIS MINERAL FUNCTIONS IN FLUID BALANCE, ACID-BASE BALANCE, NERVE IMPULSE TRANSMISSION, STRIATED SKELETAL
MUSCLE & CARDIAC MUSCLE ACTIVITY, CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM, PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, & AS A CATALYST FOR MANY
METABOLIC REACTIONS?

Back 254

potassium

Front 255

THIS MINERAL FUNCTIONS IN OXYGEN TRANSPORT VIA HEMOGLOBIN & MYOGLOBIN & ENZYME SYSTEM ACTIONS?

Back 255

iron

Front 256

THIS MINERAL FUNCTIONS IN TISSUE GROWTH,DEVELOPMENT & HEALING, SEXUAL MATURATION & REPRODUCTION, ENZYME
FORMATION, & IMMUNE RESPONSE?

Back 256

zinc

Front 257

THIS MINERAL IS A COMPONENT OF CARTILAGE, TENDONS, HAIR, & NAILS?

Back 257

sulfur

Front 258

THIS MINERAL IS A COMPONENT OF ENZYMES FOR ENERGY PRODUCTION, HEMOGLOBIN SYNTHESIS, & TISSUE MAINTENANCE?

Back 258

copper

Front 259

THIS MINERAL IS A COMPONENT OF ENZYMES FUNCTIONING AS ANTIOXIDANTS?

Back 259

selenium

Front 260

If pH is low it is some type of

Back 260

acidosis

Front 261

If CO2 is high, it’s

Back 261

respiratory acidosis

Front 262

If HCO3 is low it’s

Back 262

metabolic acidosis

Front 263

If pH is high it is some type of

Back 263

alkalosis

Front 264

If CO2 is low, its

Back 264

respiratory alkalosis

Front 265

If HCO3 is high, its

Back 265

metabolic alkalosis

Front 266

Anytime CO2 & HCO3 are going the same direction (either both high or both low), it is...

Back 266

a compensated process - such as partially compensated
respiratory acidosis (both CO2 & HCO3 are high)

Front 267

Respiratory Acidosis -

Back 267

Anything which prevents the body from getting rid of excess CO2, increases acid which decreases pH

Front 268

Respiratory Alkalosis -

Back 268

Anything which makes to body lose CO2, decreases acid, which increases pH

Front 269

Metabolic Alkalosis -

Back 269

Anything which increases HCO3 increases base which increases pH

Front 270

Metabolic Acidosis -

Back 270

Anything which decreases HCO3 decreases base which decreases pH

Front 271

ABG Normal Values

Back 271

- pH 7.35-7.45 PO2 80-100 mm hg PCO2 35-45 mm hg HCO3 22-26 mEq/L SaO2 97-100% (also known as SAT)- Arterial
values

Front 272

What should the nurse do for a respiratory alkalosis Pt?

Back 272

Eliminate cause of hyperventilation, help person breathe
more slowly & deeply (paper bag), if neurological problems
is the cause, treat the primary problem.

Front 273

What is the normal ratio of base to acid?

Back 273

20:1

Front 274

SIADH (Syndrome Of Inappropriate Diuretic Hormone) clinical manifestations

Back 274

Water retention Decreased urine output Increased specific
gravity of urine (more concentrated) BUN/Creatinine levels
decreased.

Front 275

Nursing interventions for metabolic acidosis

Back 275

restore blood volume & osmolarity Correct HCO3 deficit
assess for & prevent electrolyte imbalances
(Hyperkalemia) & protect from injury

Front 276

Nursing intervention for metabolic alkalosis

Back 276

treat primary condition, correct alkalosis, correct water
sodium, chloride & potassium deficits.

Front 277

PCO2 normal values

Back 277

35 - 45 mmHg

Front 278

PO2 normal values

Back 278

80 - 100 mm Hg

Front 279

Potassium normal values

Back 279

3.5-5 mEq/L

Front 280

Magnesium

Back 280

1.5-2.5mEq/L

Front 281

Normal range for pH

Back 281

7.35-7.45

Front 282

Normal value for base excess

Back 282

-2 to +2

Front 283

Normal value for O2 saturation

Back 283

95-100%

Front 284

Normal values for HCO3

Back 284

20-30mmHg

Front 285

Normal values for pCO2

Back 285

35-45 mmHg

Front 286

Normal values for pO2

Back 286

80-100 mmHg

Front 287

Hyponatremia- Interventions

Back 287

Administer hypotonic IV Diuretics

Front 288

Hyponatremia-Clinical manifestations

Back 288

Neurological symptoms due to brain swelling Weight gain
Edema Rales Abdominal cramps Low hematocrit Low BUN
Orthostatic hypotension

Front 289

Hyponatremia- CAUSES...

Back 289

Seating followed by large plain water intake causes dilution
of plasma sodium Increased ADH Adrenal Insufficiency
(decreased aldosterone so Na levels fall)

Front 290

Hypokalemia- Causes

Back 290

Diuretics GI Losses Adrenal Tumor- may cause
excess secretion of aldosterone, which then secretes too much Ka

Front 291

Hypokalemia- clinical manifestations

Back 291

Malaise Muscle Weakness Leg Cramps Fatigue
Decreased reflexes Abnormal ECG & dysrhythmia

Front 292

Hypokalemia- interventions

Back 292

Administer potassium Oral or IV per recommended
methods

Front 293

Hypomagnesaemia- interventions

Back 293

Replace Magnesium- IV (Mg salts)IV Mg can cause
cardiac arrest if given too quickly. Oral IM

Front 294

Hypomagnesaemia-causes

Back 294

Decreased Mg intake Malnutrition Alcoholism

Front 295

Hypomagnesaemia-clinical manifestations

Back 295

tremors hyperactivity tetany positive Trousseau's
Confusion Agitation

Front 296

Hyponatremia- causes

Back 296

Seating followed by large plain water intake causes dilution
of plasma sodium Increased ADH Adrenal Insufficiency
(decreased aldosterone so Na levels fall)

Front 297

Hyponatremia- clinical manifestations

Back 297

Neurological symptoms due to brain swelling Weight gain
Edema Rales Abdominal cramps Low hematocrit Low BUN
Orthostatic hypotension

Front 298

Hyponatremia- Interventions

Back 298

Administer hypotonic IV Diuretics

Front 299

Hyperkalemia- causes

Back 299

Renal insufficiency Cellular destruction Excessive
administration of Ka Adrenal Insufficiency- too little
aldosterone

Front 300

Hyperkalemia- clinical manifestations

Back 300

Mental changes Abnormal ECG Lethal dysrhythmia
Dialysis (#1 cause)

Front 301

Hyperkalemia- interventions

Back 301

Glucose & insulin concentrate to move Ka into cells
Sodium Bicarbonate for acidosis Kay-exelate enema or
oral

Front 302

Hypermagnesemia- causes

Back 302

Renal failure- may be exacerbated by meds containing
magnesium.

Front 303

Hypermagnesemia- clinical manifestations

Back 303

Lethargy Slow/Weak pulse Low BP Decreased tonicity
Brachypnea

Front 304

Hypermagnesemia- interventions

Back 304

Dialysis Stop intake of Mg.

Front 305

Hypernatremia- causes

Back 305

Decreased water intake Fluid loss Osmotic diuresis

Front 306

Hypernatremia- Clinical manifestations

Back 306

Mental status decrease Decreased turgor Dry Skin
& mucous membranes Thirst

Front 307

Hypernatremia- interventions

Back 307

Administer hypotonic IV (0.455% NSS) Water
Administer oral hygiene

Front 308

Hypocalcemia- causes

Back 308

Hypoparathyroid Pancreatitis Low dietary Ca Alkalosis
Renal disease (kidneys activate V-D, Vit D helps absorb
Ca)

Front 309

Hypocalcemia- clinical manifestations

Back 309

hyperactive reflexes tingling in face fingers toes Muscle
spasm tetany Decreased blood clotting Bronchospasms
(assess by checking trousseau's signs)

Front 310

Hypocalcemia- interventions

Back 310

oral or IV calciun

Front 311

HCO3 normal values

Back 311

22 - 26 mEq/L

Front 312

Extracellular Electrolytes

Back 312

Sodium & Chloride

Front 313

Diabetes Insipidus- interventions

Back 313

Administer Fluids Administer Pitressin (synth ADH)

Front 314

Diabetes Insipidus- cerebral

Back 314

Head trauma or trauma to pituitary. Can result from
surgical trauma

Front 315

Diabetes Insipidus- clinical manifestations-

Back 315

Increased urine output Lower specific gravity in urine
Altered thirst mechanism

Front 316

Diabetes Insipidus-Nephrogenic Nephrogenic-

Back 316

Kidney Malfunction

Front 317

Hypercalcemia- interventions

Back 317

Parathyroidectomy Steroids (they decrease GI absorption
of Ca) Mitromycin Calcitonin

Front 318

Hypercalcemia- clinical manifestations

Back 318

Hypotonicity Lethargy Increased blood clotting Extreme
thirst Decreased neuromuscular function Kidney Stones
Fractures-too much Ca can cause breaks.

Front 319

Hypercalcemia- causes

Back 319

Hyperparathyroidism- causes too much Ca to be retained
Malignancies-some cancers produce pth. Osteoporosis
Prolonged immobility Decreased renal function

Front 320

clinical manifestations of metabolic alkalosis

Back 320

belligerence, irritable, disorientated, lethargy, shallow slow
respirations, periods of apnea, tachycardia, dysrhythmias,
n/v, hypertonic muscles, tingling of fingers & toes, seizures

Front 321

Clinical manifestations or signs of respiratory acidosis

Back 321

Drowsiness, unconsciousness, disorientation,
rapid, shallow respirations, tachycardia, dizziness, decreased BP, headache, Tachycardia, seizures

Front 322

Clinical manifestations or signs of respiratory alkalosis are

Back 322

increased neuromuscular irritability, hyperreflexia,
muscular twitching, seizures, lightheadedness, numbness & tingling in toes & fingers, tachycardia, dysrhythmias.

Front 323

Common cause of Respiratory acidosis

Back 323

*abnormalities in pulmonary ventilation leading to CO2
retention. *Halted/ hindered gas exchange *Obstructions
preventing exhalation of CO2 *Impaired neuromuscular
function or integrity of chest wall *Depressed Respiratory
center in medulla

Front 324

Common causes of metabolic alkalosis

Back 324

excessive loss of hydrogen ions from body through
vomiting & gastric suction w/o replacement of alkali

Front 325

Compensatory mechanisms that take place within 24 hours of Respiratory Acidosis

Back 325

Kidneys conserve HCO3 & excrete more hydrogen
ions into urine. Urine becomes more acidotic

Front 326

Compensation for metabolic alkalosis

Back 326

would result in plasma carbon dioxide levels? Greater than 45mm Hg ( higher than normal)

Front 327

Compensatory mechanisms of metabolic alkalosis

Back 327

hypoventilation (to keep some of the CO2), hydrogen ions
are conserved & large amounts of sodium & potassium are excreted by the kidneys

Front 328

Compensatory Mechanisms of Respiratory alkalosis

Back 328

*Respirations decrease or even cease until CO2 levels rise
enough to stimulate increase in respirations. *Kidneys slow
absorption of HCO3 & increase release of hydrogen ions
causing alkaline urine

Front 329

Compensation for respiratory acidosis

Back 329

would result in plasma bicarbonate levels: Greater than 28/ mEq/L (higher than normal)

Front 330

Calcium normal levels

Back 330

8.5-10.5mEq/L

Front 331

Calcium functions-

Back 331

formation of bone & teeth blood clotting myocardial
contractility nerve impulse conduction (suppressant effect)

Front 332

Calcium- regulation

Back 332

Vitamin D Parathyroid

Front 333

Clinical manifestations of metabolic acidosis

Back 333

drowsiness, coma, dehydration, n/v, diarrhea,
headache, MOST COMMON is muscular twitching & deep rapid respirations (Kussmaul's breathing)